A Step by Step Guide on Writing a Book Review

Are you in school or college drowning in writing assignments, tests, homework and work? You must have loads of assignments piled up since our professors love assigning a new task in almost every other class. Book review is one of these assignments that makes students panic. This article is for students who want to learn how process and strategies of writing a book review Quick Links 1. What is a Review? 2. Writing a Book Review 2.1 Book Review: Process 3. Basic Structure of a Book Review 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Body 3.3 Conclusion 1. What is a Review? A review can be performed on a piece of writing, an event, object, or a phenomenon. It is a critical evaluation of books, novels, articles in the new york times, movies, literature, policies, architecture, fashion, art and even restaurants and exhibitions. In this particular article, we will focus on book reviews. Moving on, a review is where you make an argument; it isn't merely a summary, but the most significant aspect of a review is that it is like a commentary. You start a dialogue and discussion with the author and the audience. Unlike a book report, you have the liberty to give your opinion and whether or not you agree with the writer. Highlight the strengths and weaknesses in the writer's knowledge, judgment and how the text was organized. Your opinion about the text under analysis is the most important element, so state it clearly. It is similar to any other academic writing such as essays, where you construct an argument and provide strong evidence in the body paragraphs. Do not confuse a book review with a book report. If your teacher has assigned you the task of writing a report then give our article writing a book report a read. Coming back to book reviews... The first thing in a review is a brief summary of the overall content. It gives the readers, the perspective and describe the purpose of the topic and present the argument. Secondly, another crucial detail that a review offers, is an in-depth analysis of the content at hand. This is where you discuss your reaction and feelings, what you thought was interesting and held significance, whether or not it was effective and had the power to persuade, and how your understanding of the issue increased. Lastly, in addition to providing an analysis of the work at hand, you also suggest whether or not the audience will like and appreciate the work. 2. Writing a Book Review Students find writing a review to be a rather daunting task. They feel inexperienced and unqualified when someone asks them to give their opinion about a particular thing. How can they criticize the work of the great Margaret Atwood or Jacqueline Woodson when they haven't written a single novel themselves. You might feel like you are no expert, but you have to become one for your reader, which in this case is your professor. The truth is that everyone has opinions and has something to say. When you have finished reading a book or watched a play, it's impossible not to form your own point of view. Your professor doesn't expect you to match the author's intellectual level, but what is expected of you is a reasonable judgment and analysis after careful observation. 2.1 Book Review: Process When it comes to writing a review, there isn't a definitive way or method. However, critical thinking about the text under analysis is necessary, prior to writing. It's safe to say that it is merely a two step process. The first step is developing an argument and the next step is writing a draft, supporting that argument about the work under consideration. Before diving into the writing process, consider the following questions: What is the main argument or the thesis of the book? What idea does the author want the reader to get from it? Has the book been successful in accomplishing something? How does the book compare to the world familiar to you, how do you relate to it? The main topic and subject. Was it addressed and covered effectively? What approach was used to cover the subject--- was it chronological, descriptive, etc.? Did the author support his/her argument and how? What supporting evidence was used to prove the argument? Was this evidence convincing, if not, then why? Did the author's take on the topic conflict with your beliefs or something that you might have read before? Was the author's argument capable of persuading you? How was the argument structured? How did the book increase your understanding on the topic and whether or not would you recommend the particular book to your readers? 3. Basic Structure of a Book Review Following is the outline used to organize a book review: 3.1 Introduction There are different ways of starting your book review; some begin by an anecdote or a catchy hook. Make sure to add the following details: The name of the book and author along with the main theme. Include necessary information about the author, as mentioned earlier. The context in which the book is written. The thesis statement of the book. When working on a fiction, then you won't be able to find arguments, but you can talk about the novelty or originality. Also, mention your own thesis statement. 3.2 Body The body comprises a brief summary of the content and provide your assessment while backing it up with supporting evidence. Divide your analysis and evaluation in different paragraphs. It doesn't have to be in chronological order; you can arrange these paragraphs by themes and methods. Make sure not to quote excessively and when you do, put the quotations in inverted commas. 3.3 Conclusion Don't introduce new ideas towards the end of your review, instead, restate the thesis and leave the reader with a final judgment. Justify your opinion by mentioning the book's strengths and weaknesses. Finally, remember that you are reviewing a book that has been written not the one you wanted the author to write. While it is okay to mention and point out failures, don't criticize it for not being what you wanted. We have mentioned all the necessary information on writing a book review; if you are still facing difficulty, then there are always essay writing services available. You can buy essay or other highest quality academic writing assignments at affordable prices from 5StarEssays. Our writers offer free revisions and money back guarantee to ensure your satisfaction. The process is simple, just create your personal account, fill out the order form and enjoy an amazing book review.

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper The aim of my investigation was to investigate whether imagery was a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. Different psychologists have found one method to have a different level of effectiveness than the other. The one-tailed hypothesis for this investigation would be which is a better form of memorisation, imagery or rote rehearsal? The hypothesis was mainly concerned with investigating which factor, either imagery or rote rehearsal was the better form of memorisation. To investigate this, my aim is to use a group of 6th form students and examine which is the better form of memorisation. The study used repeated measures design. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. There will be some ethical issues that I will need to into consideration such as participants consent, right to withdrawal e. t. c. The results were collected on a sheet (appendix ). The words that were correctly remembered with the associated word were written down on the sheet. The participants were taken into a separate room so that other participants were not around, thus avoiding conferring and distraction. The results obtained showed that imagery is a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. It was found that more people INTRODUCTION There are various ways in which we can encode stimulus inputs. It may be stored as a visual representation so that you form a visual image of either the printed word itself or a pictorial image of it, or you could form an acoustic representation by saying the written word aloud. Alternatively you could form a semantic representation of the word, this would depend on your knowledge on the meaning of the word. My aim for this coursework is to find out weather imagery is a better form of storing information than rote rehearsal. Craik and Watkins distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, in which material is rehearsed in the form in which it was presented (rote) Elaborative rehearsal, which elaborate the material in some way, e. g. by giving it a meaning or linking it with pre-existing knowledge Many psychologists have done research to suggest the procesess of encoding information. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store memory model, it attempted to explain how information from one storage system to another. The multi-store model sees rehearsal as the key control process, which transfers which helps to transfer information from short term-memory to long-term memory. The Brown-Peterson technique shows that STMs duration is very short and in the absence of rehearsal. However, information can be held in long-term memory almost indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Other Psychologists have tried to explain that imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal. Some psychologists who have done this are: Wollen et al (72). Bower and Springston Richardson et al (74). AIM My aim is to replicate the research carried out by Bower and Winzenz. They found that the imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal and that the participants of their research recalled more words using the technique process of imagery rather then rote rehearsal. The aim of the research is to see if the my findings will be the same as Bowers et al. HYPOTHESES Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the number of words recalled using imagery rather than rote rehearsal, participants will remember more words using the technique of imagery rather than rote rehearsal. Null hypothesis: If any difference occurs between the number of words recalled using imagery and the number of words recalled using rehearsal, it will be due to chance alone DISSCUSSION From the experiment I found that recall was better when participants memorised the word using imagery. These results allow me to reject the null hypothesis, that all results will be due to chance alone and accept the experimental hypothesis. I have been able to fulfil my aim to find out if my findings will be the same or different as Bowers, the results are similar: that imagery was a better form of memorisation then rehearsal. Although this is true for the general results if we look at the individual results: participant 6 re-called three words using rehearsal but only one using imagery, this is true for several other participants. This could be due to the fact that the participants were actually using the imagery technique instead of rote rehearsal even though we had asked them not to. This is a point that needs to be taken into consideration if a repetition of the experiment is to be done. However it could be that rehearsal may actually be a better technique of memorisation, as some psychological research has found this to be correct. Some psychologists who found rehearsal is better technique for recall are Atkinson and Shiffrin, they found that rehearsal was a better technique for memorisation rather then imagery. They believed that memory traces in STM are fragile and can be lost within about 30 seconds unless they are repeated (rehearsed), if this is done them the materials remain for a lifetime. Richardson (72) supported the fact that imagery was a better technique compared to rehearsal. I think there are several ways for me to improve the research that I conducted if I were to re-do it. Instead of using sixth form students I will use adults, as some of the participants were not taking it seriously enough, that way the response is more likely to be more accurate. The research that I carried out did not take place in a natural environment so this could have affected the participants in some way, as they were aware this was an experiment. I could not have carried out my experiment in any other way, however if that was possible I would have had to break ethical issues such as consent and debriefing the participants: it would have been deception. I carried out the research in school, even though it was a classroom with its doors closed the participants were still affected by the noise made by other students walking past the classroom who were not participating in the experiment. Another limitation is that the number of participants involved was very small, to generalise I would need a much bigger sample as this way I would not be taking into account individual differences. Implications of the research: I could re-do this experiment but test imagery with other memory aids such as mnemonics and colour coding. As even though generally participants did better using imagery there were still some participants who did not, so it would be interesting to explore if other methods of recall are even better then memory Also I could use a much bigger participant sample, as this would allow mw to generalise my findings. My findings support and strengthen bowers research but question other researchers such as Anderson and Atkinson and Shiffrin. More Research is needed to discover what is the best method for recall.

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher Assignment

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher - Assignment Example A few days after the completion of the reservoir, water from the same flooded into Person Y’s land despite there being no unusual rainfall or flooding. The case went through various stages of the court system and ended up before the Court of Appeal, being the Exchequer Chamber of six judges, in 1866. There Justice Colin Blackburn stated the following which has now come to be referred to as â€Å"Justice Blackburn’s rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher†. "The true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiff’s default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major or the act of God; but as nothing of this sort exists here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient." It should be noted that Justice Blackburn’s rule was accepted with a slight modification by the House of Lords. The House of Lords imposed a restriction on the rule by stating that it is applicable to "nonnatural" use of the defendants land, as distinguished from "any purpose for which it might in the ordinary course of the enjoyment of land be used." A creditor can institute an action in the county court for the amount due to him by the debtor. If the amount is paid the debtor can avoid the judgment being given against him. A claim form is sent by the creditor to the debtor stating the claim that he has against him. If the debtor pays the debt in full along with interest and court fees, a CCJ is not issued and a court hearing avoided. On the other hand, if he wishes to pay later or in installments the debtor should fill in the form stating how he wishes to pay the debt – a CCJ will, however, be issued in this instance.

CoOrdinate implementation of customer service stratergies (certificate Essay

CoOrdinate implementation of customer service stratergies (certificate III in sales) - Essay Example 6 Private Contractor 7Architect and Private Contractors 8 Company approves Interior Design and Store Lay-out Milestone 3 9 Interior Designer starts work 10 Interior Designers ends work 11 Merchandisers fix store lay-out Milestone 4 12 Booths/kiosks for sports and apparel finished 13 The interior designer makes final touches to the store lay-out 14 Company opens store to the public Milestone 5 GANNT CHART OF MAJOR TASKS TO BE DONE BY PERSONNEL IN ACQUIRING THE PRODUCTS (SPORTING GOODS, EQUIPMENT, APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES) Task Task 1 Planning Sports Equipment Task 2 Generating and Selecting list of suppliers Task 3 Checking Quality of Merchandise and Final Choice Task 4 Planning Store Lay-out for Sports and Apparel Task 5Installation Task 6 Sporting Goods are placed in Display Booths Task 7 Store is open to the Public Reports & milestones Duration of Project - months 1 Store Merchandising Manager and team Milestone 1 2 Merchandising Team 3Merchandising Team 4 Quality control Manager and team of assistants Milestone 2 5 Marketing Director and Merchandising Team 6 Architect, Marketing Director and Merchandising Team 7 Architect and Private Contractor Milestone 3 8 Architect and Private Contractor 9 Architect and Private Contractor 10 Architect and Private Contractor 11 Marketing Director and Merchandising Team Milestone 4 12 Merchandising Team 13 Merchandising Team 14Marketing Director, Merchandising Team and Architect Milestone 5 Identification of Project Stakeholders The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the...Through special coordination with the company's high-quality suppliers, product testing demonstrations will take place on-site for our customers to appreciate. This system will allow the customer to appreciate the features of the sports equipment and accessories, and they will be able to receive detailed equipment performance information right from the manufacturers' representatives. The Shop employs sports specialists and athletes who are familiar with the various sporting goods and equipment. The shop caters to university students and sports enthusiasts who live in the community. The shop has a strategic location as it is close to Deakin University Waterfront campus, college and high school libraries, department stores and supermarkets, cafes, restaurants, entertainment sites, city hospitals, designated sporting grounds and the beach. The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the end consumers consisting of the family households comprising of the parents, the teen-agers who are university students, the children and other family members who will purchase the sport equipment, apparel and accessories. The company must provide high-quality goods at affordable prices.

Interview questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interview questions - Essay Example I am a Bihari, a person born in the northern Indian state of Bihar. I am a Hindu by religion. My father is a farmer. We have a big joint family. I have three brothers and two sisters. I am the third child in my family. We come from upper caste Brahmin Background. I am not an scholar in Hinduism, I can only tell u in bits and pieces. As far as I know it started in Vedic Indian period where people are being distinguished according to the kind of work they did. The society had been fragmented forming different social classes. The four major castes have been: The Brahmins, they were the priests, scholars and teachers. The Kshatriya, they were the ruling class and the warriors. Vaisya, these are the traders and in the lowest of hierarchy were Sudras the manual workers. With the passage of time the Brahmins and Kshatriya got the powerful status and started using their powerful position to exploiting other people. Like in my village were I spent my childhood there were different wells for different castes to draw water. People of lower castes were not allowed to sit on chairs in front of me as I am a born Brahmin. There are many evils in this caste system, so after independence of India many efforts are being made to eradicate this problem, special ly the problem of untouchability. The caste system is by the way less rigid in urban areas where people of different castes are living in coherence. One big reason is the unavailability of other option. But people in urban areas do ask about each others castes and usually get along with the people of same caste. However bad this caste system may appear it is still working because it has some utility. In my opinion it provides a close community base were people of same caste support each other in the different situations of life. Not every time. I think like everywhere else in this world Money does matters in Indian society too. But from the

Types of Computers: An Overview

Types of Computers: An Overview A computer is a programmable machine. It accepts information in the form of digitalized data and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. It consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Computer History: The first use of the word computer was recorded in 1613 in a book called The young mans gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwaite I have read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduced thy days into a short number. It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. Computer Types: Computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the purpose of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into four categories of computers: Microcomputer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 2. MICROCOMPUTER A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. Microcomputer or personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. Businesses use microcomputers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spread sheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for microcomputers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet. The characteristics of a microcomputer are Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users. Bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers take up large cabinets or even dedicated rooms. Actual microcomputer can be generally classified by size and chassis / case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There are two basic flavours of chassis designs-desktop models and tower models-but there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come the portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held computers, palmtops, and PDAs. Tower model The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. Desktop model A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slim line models. Notebook computer Notebook is extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours. Laptop computer A small, portable computer small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers. Subnotebook computer A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers. Hand-held computer A portable computer that is small enough to be held in ones hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers. Palmtop Palmtop is small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs. Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held computers and pocket computers. PDA PDA is short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common gadgets. PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers. 3. MINICOMPUTER Another type of computer is Micro Computer which is design to support more than one user at a time but it can be used by one person at a time. It is a computer of a size intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe computer and includes a microprocessor, memory, input and output facility and it comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM. Typically, mini computers have been stand-alone computers sold to small and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large enterprises for department-level operations. . Mini computers were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They have great storage capacity and work at a high speed rate. It is often use in place where several people have to work at the same time, so it let many users use data at the same time without any inconvenient. Mini computers are not only used in organization for work but many of mini computers are also used as personal computer. It has a large cheap array of silicon logic gate which allows utility programs and self-booting kernel to be stored within microcomputers. These stored programs let the minicomputer to automatically load further more complex software from external storage device without the user intervention. The Minicomputers were first built in in 1960s and they immediately became a huge success as 40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately sold of making the computers hugely available to the general public. With such a successful market possibility many companies stepped in to venture in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred companies was DEC that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and VAX 11/780. Some significant characteristics and historical facts about the mini computer system have been summarized as follows: They are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As such they do not occupy an entire room but usually occupy space similar in size to that of a standard refrigerator. They are much less expensive than the mainframes. Their invention was possible because of the invention of core memory technologies and transistors. Minicomputers can give parallel access to up to 100 users. Hence they were used in places such as business organizations for maintaining billings and finances. Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems were Hewlett Packard, DEC and Data General. A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the years are: DEC VAX series and PDP series Hewlett Packard HP3000 series SDS,SDS-92 Prime Computers, Prime 50 Series Norsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100 IBM Midrange Computers Control Data Corporations CDC 160A, CDC-1700 Data General Nova Honeywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 series Minicomputers have eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the launch of microcomputers, the public have Had a greater access to the advantage of incorporating computers in the daily stride of their lives. 4. MAINFRAME COMPUTER In another hand we have the Mainframe Computer which is quite expensive than the Mini computer. In comparison the mainframe computer perform better than the mini computer, it can process data at a very high speed rate, for example, millions of instruction per second and Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster. They contain a large number of self-maintenance features, including built-in security features and high data handling capacity. Because of mainframes ability to handle high level data transactions they are used by the biggest firms in almost all the industry such as banks, government agencies and organizations which need to store great volume of complex and important data at a high security level, which means that this is the most secure than other type of computer. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output and emphasize throughput computing. This type of computer can work for long period without being interrupted, they are reliable. It can run multiple different instance of different operating system and can handle the work of many users at the same time. The term RAS (reliability, availability and serviceability) is a defining characteristic of the mainframe computer. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. They are usually protected by multiple levels of security and power backup, both internal and external. Among the self-protection measures commonly found in mainframes are an enhanced heat-protection mechanism. Because these computers run all day along with 24x7x365 ability, a large amount of heat generated must be expelled. The fans in mainframe computers are among the most efficient helping in keeping the data centers cool. Features They are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations etc. They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations. Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them. They are having huge memories tremendous processing speed. They are used for weather forecasting, animation graphics Mainframes run multiple sessions, and with high reliability. Companies can run their IT operations for years without problems or interruptions with minimum down time. Administration is very easy due to the fact that all applications layers are monitored in one Server. A central computer alone can replace dozens or hundreds of smaller PCs, reducing management and administrative costs while providing a much better scalability and reliability. Mainframes can run more than one operating system at once, which allows companies to run multiple sessions with a super-fast speed, high reliability, and high secure. 5. SUPERCOMPUTER Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems. Here are some examples of supercomputer: IBM Roadrunner Cray Jaguar Tianhe-IA Fujitsu K computer IBM Sequoia Cray Titan Advantages of supercomputer The primary advantage that supercomputers offer is decreased processing time. Computer speed is commonly measured in floating point operations, or FLOPS. Average home computers can perform up to a hundred billion of these operations per second, or 100 gigaflops. Supercomputers, however, are tens of thousands of times faster, meaning that calculations that would take your home computer hours or days can be solved by a supercomputer in a matter of seconds. Supercomputers are usually used to tackle large, real-world problems that would be too time consuming on regular computers. For example, weather forecasters use supercomputers to create models of the weather and to forecast the weather. Obviously, forecasts have to be made in a timely manner to make them useful so the more powerful the computer the better. Only supercomputers have the ability to perform these calculations in a timely fashion. One of the sayings of computing is that the higher the technology, the more trivial the application and the most powerful computers in the world are used by digital effects/computer animation companies. The sheer processing power of supercomputers means that they can be used to do things that ordinary computers simply couldnt handle. Supercomputers have also permitted great strides in filmmaking and special effects. Disadvantages of supercomputer There have no great difference between mainframe computers because like the mainframe it takes up a large space and cost very high. It requires trained staff to can handle and use the supercomputer and it may only be good for specific application. It is high power consumption, it use a lot of electricity, for instance, about millions Rupees in a year. Other disadvantage is that supercomputers require massive external storage drives whose bandwidth is fast enough to accommodate the data being analyzed and produced. If storage and bandwidth cant keep up with the data flow, the supercomputer will not be able to work at its full capacity. Unlike ordinary desktop computers that may finish calculating a problem in a few minutes or overnight, supercomputers work on tasks that require intensive calculations which can take extremely long periods to complete. For example, a supercomputer could spend months performing calculations to support research on climate change or to help cure a disease, presenting a disadvantage to people who are in a hurry for quick results. 6. CONCLUSION After all we can say that computer has made his way since 19xx. It has begun with the microcomputer which consisted of simple technology. Then we have the minicomputer which becomes more and more personal and sophisticated for users. It makes great progress when the mainframe computer comes in 19xx (put the date). It comes with more performance and more memory with high security level. Their process increased more than 100 times and finally when the famous supercomputer comes which is 1000 times more powerful than the predecessor. And nowadays with the great evolution we have four type of computer.

Agile Strategiesf

Every company's objective is to make profits. In order to achieve this fundamental goal, production has to be efficient. This will enable companies to incur minimum and manageable losses. For them to achieve this, seemingly, companies need to review their production strategies. Over years, agile production mechanisms have been proposed to be the most efficient.According to Dimancescu (1997), Lean manufacturing refers to a method of producing more valuable products with fewer resources. He further asserts that there are two approaches to this concept. The first refers to a set of tools that assist in identifying and continuously removing wastes from a manufacturing process. Steady waste removal makes the quality of the end product better.Meanwhile, the time used in producing goods as well as the cost is lowered. The second approach focuses on making work flow smooth and hence eliminating inconsistency throughout the system.The process of lean manufacturing was initiated by Henry Ford, who also initiated the complete process of production (Warmack, Jones & Roos, 1990). In 1913, he put together interchangeable segments that had standard work and conveyance in motion. He referred to this as flow production.He then put in to a line order fabrication steps in process sequence wherever it deemed possible. He used specific machinery and gauges to bring together the different vehicle parts to meet the needs of the customer.Warmack et al. (1990) agrees that this was a major step especially because the American market had machines meant for general purpose and were grouped according to the process. In addition, they were more tiresome and generated great volumes of waste before a product could finally reach the market.However, James and Daniel (2003) affirm that Ford's work lacked variety. This was his major challenge. According to James and Daniel (2003), his Model T was not only limited to one color, but also to one stipulation. This meant that all his models were simil ar.When the world demanded for different variations of automated machines in the market, other auto manufactures stepped in with different ideas. With time, the market was filled with more convenient designs that were larger and operated faster. With each step, the costs and wastes from the same were reduced.In the early 1930's, Mondem (1988) explains that the Toyota company, not being satisfied with what the market was offering revisited the earlier principles applied by Ford and invented the Toyota Production System (TPS).Basically, this system changed the focus of engineers in the manufacturing sector from specific machines and their use to product flow through the manufacturing process.Toyota concluded that that by sizing the machines for the required volume, introducing machines that had the capacity to perform self monitoring for purposes of quality, putting the machines in sequence ass the process stipulates, initiating faster set ups so that each machine could create small a mounts of various part numbers and having each step  Ã‚   that is set up notifying the previous step of its current material requirements, would lead to obtaining cheaper, wide variety, best quality and faster machines to meet the dynamic customer requirements.In addition, it found out that management of past information is mandatory to achieve this as past records could be simpler and accurate (Fujimoto, 1999).Today, the basics of lean manufacturing are taking root and spreading so fast. Every company in the near future will be pressurized to reduce wastes and increase production in order to realize profits and be able to compete favorably. Besides, the world now is changing to green production and companies do not have an option.Leaders are also beginning to appreciate the importance of lean production, especially in these hard economic times. It is obvious that every leader would desire his company to be economically efficient by lowering costs and enhancing the quality of prod uction.The service industry is also coming on board with all the leaders realizing the importance of incorporating lean principles in its delivery. For example, in the education sector, parents are overwhelmingly going for learning institutions that give the best quality education.Likewise, the health sector is adopting the same principles. Most companies prefer low cost labor (Fine, 1998). Elimination of wastes if adopted by such companies will be instrumental in assisting them avoid the impacts of solely depending on low cost labor. The answer for this lies in the fundamentals of lean production.With an increase in the demand and delivery manufactured products, it will be mandatory to adopt lean principles in their supply. Besides, Kanigal (1997) argues that the assimilation of lean principles in people's lifestyles will enable them to be creative, conquer the obstacles and look forward to new and advanced production methods in all sectors. The future of lean manufacturing is henc e promising as most companies are now adopting the trend.Nakajima (1988) defines mass production as a way of producing standardized goods in large amounts and at a low cost per unit. Lean production contrasts to mass production in so many ways. Mass production focuses on specialized and expensive machines that produce goods in huge quantities.Its employment of many people to keep the costly machines occupied justifies their high cost of the final products. Lean production on the other hand gives manufacturers a chance to produce fewer products with minimal defects and that address the requirements of the customer (James and Daniel, 2003).For instance, in the production of cars, mass produced cars would be many and virtually identical while lean produced cars would be fewer and to the needs of the customer. They would not then be similar.Products from lean production reach the market earlier than mass produced products. It is because the products are less than those produced through mass. As a result, lean produced products are sold off faster than the mass produced products.This is not only because of the quantities produced, but also because lean produced goods are customized. Individual needs of customers differ and lean production pays special attention to this.For example, a car produced through lean production would have every detail a customer really expects unlike to that from mass production where the specific needs of customers are not considered. In the case of catering, mass produced meals contain the same type of ingredients while lean produced varied depending on the needs of the customer.With regard to leadership, Warmack et al (1990) argues that in mass production, the command strategy is commonly used while in lean production; leadership is mainly participative and consultative.For a company to satisfy the demands of their customer, different specialists are employed and consultation and full participation is mandatory in order to get the views of every individual, which have equal chances of being necessary. With mass production, commanding is employed more often as skills are also limited. In addition, running a certain machine would involve just pressing certain buttons, and then the job rolls on.External relations in lean production are long-term as opposed to mass production where the relations are largely based on the price of the product. It is because in the lean production, manufacturers follow up the needs of the customers and in the process, long term relations develop (Warmack et al, 1990).For example, in the textile industry, lean production ensures that the customer chooses the design and in the case of any alteration, the customer's views are taken in to consideration. Then, long term relations develop as the customer will be consulted on several occasions before the production process ends.According to James and Daniel (2003), the organizational make up in mass production is usually hierarchical and highly encourages taking orders and discourages flow of vital information. Those in senior positions usually give orders and challenging them is not tolerated. Juniors are expected to obediently take orders.This practice is prevalent in large mass manufacturing companies where supervisors have the duty to give orders and not to be challenged in any way. In the lean production, flat structures are employed hence the flow and information sharing is highly encouraged.The views of all the stakeholders rather than shareholders are given equal consideration. Information sharing is key in designing perfect products and avoiding obstacles that the team might encounter as they progress.Customer satisfaction in lean production is assured than in mass production because in the former, goods produced have lesser defects as their design is customized. In the latter, customer satisfaction is lower as their views are not considered during production (Warmack, et al, 1990). Any product designed to addres s the specific requirements of the customer will always be more satisfying than those produced to meet the needs of the market.With regard to engineering, James and Daniel (2003) argue that mass production usually employs the genius models with minimal customer input and respect for the goods provided. Machines are fixed and expected to perform accordingly.Specialists are employed and more often, customers are perceived to be poorly informed about the product. Lean manufacturing on the other hand is team based with maximum in put from the customer. All the complaints, praises and recommendations from customers are vital in lean manufactured products.Manufacturing schedules in the mass production are specific, adhered to and very difficult to adjust. Orders from the authorities are strictly followed without fail. This is unlike in the lean manufacturing where schedules are very flexible and can be adjusted accordingly depending on the demands of customers.For example, if a customer d emands that the product ordered be ready within a specified period of time, this will be strictly followed and other orders would be put on hold (Warmck et al, 1990).Quality assurance in mass production is done through sampling. At certain intervals during as production progresses, products are picked and assessed to determine if they conform to the expected standards. However, in lean production, quality is guaranteed from the source and the product being let out to the market usually has very few or no defects.The products are usually thoroughly checked to ensure they meet the customer's demands (James and Daniel, 2003).

Employee benefits are one of the most important factors

Employee benefits are one of the most important factors in the retention of registered nurses where the threat of turnover is very high. Often, RN’s leaves a hospital for another because it offers better compensation and attractive benefits. Kennedy Hospital has offers an attractive benefits package but many other hospitals may offer much more. To determine how Kennedy compares to its competition an analysis of the components in its benefits package is presented. The benefits package compared are those of Kennedy, Virtua, Lourdes and Genesis. In terms of health insurance, all hospitals offered multiple plans to choose from but it is Kennedy alone that includes prescription coverage, while Genesis and Kennedy has covers vision and all of them has dental insurance. For life insurance benefits, Kennedy, Virtua, Lourdes and Genesis all offers basic life, supplemental life and short term disability, however Kennedy does not have long term disability insurance while the other three hospitals have provisions for it. Kennedy and Lourdes however provides child and spouse life insurance. Kennedy’s paid leave benefits is the most comprehensive compared to the other hospitals, it covers personal, extended sick leave, bereavement, family/medical and military leave as well as paid time off for vacations, Virtua also provided the same paid leaves while Lourdes and Genesis had less. Kennedy does not have 401k plans, provisions for elder care, on-site child care, free basic health care, quarter century club, relocation assistance and series/savings bond. Virtua and Lourdes, has on-site child care and only Virtua offers free basic health care while Virtua and Genesis has 401k. On the other hand, Kennedy has 403b plans, has a credit union, and invests on internal career development, adequate parking and referral bonuses, as well as sign on bonus, transfer opportunities, a wellness program and workers compensation. In sum, Kennedy has a very attractive benefits program, what it does not offer can be compensated by the other benefits that they provide, for example they do not have free basic health care, but their health insurance coverage is from vision, dental and medicines. Virtua’s benefits package is comparable to Kennedy while Lourdes and Genesis have fewer benefits.

How to Write a Powerful Memoir in 4 Simple Steps

How to Write a Powerful Memoir in 4 Simple Steps How to Write Your Memoir: A 4-Step Guide Memoir is not just a fancy literary term for an autobiography. I say that from the start, because I hear the terms used interchangeably so often. Your memoir will be autobiographical, but it will notbe your life story. Confused yet? Stay with me. Simply put, an autobiography is likely to cover one’s birth to the present - emphasis often on accomplishments, but the more honest and revelatory the better. A memoir draws on selected anecdotes from your life to support a theme and make a point. For instance, if your point is how you came from some unlikely place to where you are now, you would choose scenes from your life to support that. Maybe you came from: The wrong side of the tracks A broken home Having been a victim of abuse Addiction An orphanage To a position of: Wealth Status Happiness Health Faith You might start with memories that show how bad things once were for you. Then you would show pivotal experiences in your life, important people in your transformation, what you learned, and how you applied certain principles to see this vast change. Naturally, the better the stories, the better the memoir. However, great stories are not the point - and frankly, neither is the memoirist (you). What Publishers Look For Don’t buy into the idea that only famous people can sell a memoir. Sure, if you’re a household name and people are curious about you, that’s an advantage. But memoirs by nobodies succeed all the time - and for one reason: they resonate with readers because readers identify with truth. Truth, even hard, gritty, painful truth, bears transferrable principles. Memoirs full of such relatable candor attract readers, and readers are what publishers want. An astute agent or acquisitions editor can predict how relatable a memoir will be and take a chance on one from an unpublished unknown. Agents and editors tell me they love to discover such gems - the same way they love discovering the next great novelist. So, when writing your memoir†¦ You may be the subject, but it’s not about you - it’s about what readers can gain from your story. It may seem counterintuitive to think reader-first while writing in the first-person about yourself. But if your memoir doesn’t enrich, entertain, or enlighten readers, they won’t stay with it long, and they certainly won’t recommend it. Want to save this guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. How to Write a Memoir in 4 Steps Know Your Theme Carefully Select Your Anecdotes Write It Like a Novel Tell Your Story (Without Throwing People Under the Bus) Step 1. Know Your Theme And remember, it’s not that you’ve made something of yourself - even if you have. Sorry, but nobody cares except those who already love you. Your understated theme must be, â€Å"You’re not alone. What happened to me can also happen to you.† That’s what appeals to readers. Even if they do come away from your memoir impressed with you, it won’t be because you’re so special - even if you are. Whether they admit it or not, readers care most about their own lives. Imagine a reader picking up your memoir and thinking, What’s in this for me? The more of that you offer, the more successful your book will be. Think transferable principles in a story well told. Cosmic Commonalities All people, regardless of age, ethnicity, location, and social status, share certain felt needs: food, shelter, and love. They fear abandonment, loneliness, and the loss of loved ones. Regardless your theme, if it touches on any of those wants and fears, readers will identify. I can read the memoir of someone of my opposite gender, for whom English is not her first language, of a different race and religion, who lives halfway around the world from me - and if she tells the story of her love for her child or grandchild, it reaches my core. Knowing or understanding or relating to nothing else about her, I understand love of family. Worried About Uniqueness? Many writers tell me they fear their theme has been covered many times by many other memoirists. While it’s true, as the Bible says, that there’s nothing new under the sun, no one has written your story, your memoir, your way. While I still say it’s not about you but really about your reader, it’s you who lends uniqueness to your theme. Write on! How toWrite a Memoir Without Preaching Trust your narrative to do the work of conveying your message. Too many amateurish memoirists feel the need to eventually turn the spotlight on the reader with a sort of â€Å"So, how about you†¦?† Let your experiences and how they impacted you make their own points, and trust the reader to get it. Beat him over the head with your theme and you run him off. You can avoid being preachy by using what I call the Come Alongside Method. When you show what happened to you, if the principles apply to your reader he doesn’t need that pointed out. Give him credit. Step 2. Carefully Select Your Anecdotes The best memoirs let readers see themselves in your story so they can identify with your experiences and apply to their own lives the lessons you’ve learned. If you’re afraid to mine your pain deeply enough tell the whole truth, you may not be ready to write your memoir. There’s little less helpful - or marketable - than a memoir that glosses over the truth. So feature anecdotes from your life that support your theme, regardless how painful it is to resurrect the memories. The more introspective and vulnerable you are, the more effective will be your memoir. Step 3. Write It Like a Novel It’s as important in a memoir as it is in a novel to show and not just tell. Example: Telling My father was a drunk who abused my mother and me. I was scared to death every time I heard him come in late at night. Showing As soon as I heard the gravel crunch beneath the tires and the car door open and shut, I dove under my bed. I could tell by his footsteps whether Dad was sober and tired or loaded and looking for a fight. I prayed God would magically make me big enough to jump between him and my mom, because she was always his first target†¦ Use every trick in the novelist’s arsenal to make each anecdote come to life: dialogue, description, conflict, tension, pacing, everything. Worry less about chronology than theme. You’re not married to the autobiographer’s progressive timeline. Tell whatever anecdote fits your point for each chapter, regardless where they fall on the calendar. Just make the details clear so the reader knows where you are in the story. You might begin with the most significant memory of your life, even from childhood. Then you can segue into something like, Only now do I understand what was really happening. Your current-day voice can always drop in to tie things together. Character Arc As in a novel, how the protagonist (in this case, you) grows is critical to a successful story. Your memoir should make clear the difference between who you are today and who you once were. What you learn along the way becomes your character arc. Point of View It should go without saying that you write a memoir in the first-person. And just as in a novel, the point-of-view character is the one with the problem, the challenge, something he’s after. Tell both your outer (what happens) and your inner (its impact on you) story. Structure In his classic How to Write Bestselling Fiction, novelist Dean Koontz outlines what he calls the Classic Story Structure. Though intended as a framework for a novel, it strikes me that this would be perfect for a memoir too - provided you don’t change true events just to make it work. For fiction, Koontz recommends writers: 1 - Plunge your main character into terrible trouble as soon as possible 2 - Everything he does to try to get out of it makes it only progressively worse until†¦ 3 - His situation appears hopeless 4 - But in the end, because of what he’s learned and how he’s grown through all those setbacks, he rises to the challenge and wins the day. You might be able to structure your memoir the same way merely by how you choose to tell the story. As I say, don’t force things, but the closer you can get to that structure, the more engaging your memoir will be. For your purposes, Koontz’s Terrible Trouble would be the nadir of your life. (If nadir is a new word for you, it’s the opposite of zenith.) Take the reader with you to your lowest point, and show what you did to try to remedy things. If your experience happens to fit the rest of the structure, so much the better. Setups and Payoffs Great novels carry a book-length setup that demands a payoff in the end, plus chapter-length setups and payoffs, and sometimes even the same within scenes. The more of these the better. The same is true for your memoir. Virtually anything that makes the reader stay with you to find out what happens is a setup that demands a payoff. Even something as seemingly innocuous as your saying that you hoped high school would deliver you from the torment of junior high makes the reader want to find out if that proved true. Make ‘em Wait Avoid using narrative summary to give away too much information too early. I’ve seen memoir manuscripts where the author tells in the first paragraph how they went from abject poverty to independent wealth in 20 years, â€Å"and I want to tell you how that happened.† To me, that just took the air out of the tension balloon, and many readers would agree and see no reason to read on. Better to set them up for a payoff and let them wait. Not so long that you lose them to frustration, but long enough to build tension. Step 4. Tell Your Story (Without Throwing People Under the Bus) If you’re brave enough to expose your own weaknesses, foibles, embarrassments, and yes, failures to the world, what about those of your friends, enemies, loved ones, teachers, bosses, and co-workers? If you tell the truth, are you allowed to throw them under the bus? In some cases, yes. But should you? No. Even if they gave you permission in writing, what’s the upside? Usually a person painted in a negative light- even if the story is true- would not sign a release allowing you to expose them publicly. But even if they did, would it be the right, ethical, kind thing to do? All I can tell you is that I wouldn’t do it. And I wouldn’t want it done to me. If the Golden Rule alone isn’t reason enough not to do it, the risk of being sued certainly ought to be. So, What to Do? On the one hand I’m telling you your memoir is worthless without the grit, and on the other I’m telling you not to expose the evildoers. Stalemate? No. Here’s the solution: Changing names to protect the guilty is not enough. Too many people in your family and social orbit will know the person, making your writing legally actionable. So change more than the name. Change the location. Change the year. Change their gender. You could even change the offense. If your own father verbally abused you so painfully when you were thirteen that you still suffer from the memory decades later, attribute it to a teacher and have it happen at an entirely different age. Is that lying in a nonfiction book? Not if you include a disclaimer upfront that stipulates: â€Å"Some names and details have been changed to protect identities.† So, no, don’t throw anyone under the bus. But don’t stop that bus! Common Memoir Mistakes to Avoid Making it too much like an autobiography (missing a theme) Including minutiae Bragging Glossing over the truth Preaching Effecting the wrong tone: funny, sarcastic, condescending How to Start Your Memoir Your goal is to hook your reader, so begin in medias res- in the middle of things. If you start slowly, you lose readers interest. Jump right into the story! Memoir Examples Thoroughly immerse yourself this genre before attempting to write in it. I read nearly 50 memoirs before I wrote mine (Writing for the Soul). Here’s a list to get you started: All Over But the Shoutin’by Rick Bragg (my favorite book ever) Cultivate by Lara Casey A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway Out of Africa by Karen Blixen Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt Still Woman Enough by Loretta Lynn Born Standing Up by Steve Martin The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Molinaby Benjie Molina and Joan Ryan Want to save this guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. Are you working on your memoir or planning to? Do you have any questions on how to write a memoir? Share with me in the comments below.

Research Paper on Tourism in Developing Countries

Research Paper on Tourism in Developing Countries 1. Compare and contrast the influence of economic, social and political characteristics that have developed tourism in developing countries. Tourism has traditionally acted as major source of income within many developing countries. The huge amounts of investment put into this sector points to the important role it plays in the growth of the economy ad the development of economic potential. At independence, Kenya identified tourism as a major driver of the economy and as over the years strived to develop this sector through numerous investments. As a result there has been development and opening up of many tourist markets, making Kenya one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. There has also been development in domestic tourism, a factor that a largely boosted tourism in the country. Other countries that can be considered as developing tourism markets include Tanzania, Rwanda and China. Despite the positive impacts of tourism, the sector also faces numerous challenges that these countries have had to grapple with. The governments of these countries have put in place strategies to overcome these challenge which threaten their economic potential. There are numerous factors tat have influenced the growth and development of tourism in developing markets. These factors are a political, social and economic. Economic factors that have influenced tourism in developing countries The economic stability of a country plays a great role in the development of other sectors within that country. A stable and highly performing economic climate encourages investment in various sectors and consequently there is more economic growth. Kenya and other developing countries that place great emphasis on tourism have experienced the influence of economic actors on tourism development in their countries. Foreign Investment in tourism Kenya has open economic policies which allow foreign direct investment in tourism and other support services. The hospitality industry in the country is dominated by foreign investors form countries such as Britain and Italy. The hotel industry is especially important as tourists who come into the country expect first class accommodation and treatment, a factor that ha a great influence on their perception of tourism. The open door economic policies are also replicated in other tourist markets such as India, which is another major tourist destination in the developing world. Last year, foreign investment in tourism in India ranged into billons of dollars with foreign investors building hotels and other facilitates that greatly contribute to tourism development. Although Kenya has relatively few infrastructure solely owned by the government, it is still regarded as the leading country in East Africa in as far as its investment in communication, transportation and financial with a posi tive GDP growth of 4.5 % mostly owed to tourism growth. Among the economic developments, which make tourist industry to prosper, are increase of computer literate skilled workers in the industry whose dealing with the tourist has become more effective. Kenya having a good percentage of its foreign income coming from other remittances from its citizens working overseas, it has also seen the need to encourage foreign investment by providing economic regulations that attract them. Kenyan infrastructural growth has been credited buys many economists even being ranked as the immediate alternatives to South Africa. However, the dominance of the hospitality industry by foreign players has to an extent hampered the development of domestic tourism as foreign investors are not familiar with local tastes. As a result, there is a perception that their hotel packages are tailored for the foreign markets and do not appeal to local tourists. This ahs hampered the growth of domestic tourism, although in recent years there has been a gradual effort at attracting local tourists to the tourism circuit in Kenya. It is also worth noting that Kenya has a high population of its country within the middle class and therefore there is more disposable income within the population. Statistics indicate that over 40% of Kenyan are middle class citizens meaning that they posses the potential to afford holidays and safaris in the country’s tourist attraction areas. This factor has greatly influenced the growth of domestic tourism. Supporting economic factors Kenya’s infrastructure Kenya has a well developed infrastructure that supports tourism activities. The county has a well developed road network within the main highways and other feeder roads leading into tourist attraction areas. This has encouraged investment in tourism transport with people being encouraged to invest in tourist vans. There is also good airline connection, wit Nairobi serving as a transport hub within the African region. There are many international flights that come into Nairobi, and most of these flights originate from traditional Kenya tourist markets. Among the major airlines that come to Nairobi are British Airways, the Royal Dutch Airline and Delta Airlines. It therefore means that foreigners interested in visiting Kenya have good transport connections into the country. Other counties with the African regions have been emulating Kenya in transforming their airports into hubs in order to attract more tourists into their countries. A good example is Rwanda which in recent years has p ut efforts to position itself as a tourist destination. Currently Rwanda is planning to build a new airport which will enable it accommodate larger plane and therefore encourage travel into the country. Kenya has a reliable source of electricity power from several of its hydroelectric power supplies. This has proved its ability to provide energy in tourist related areas and recreational facilities. This electricity includes maintaining the electric fence systems in the national parks, providing security measures for the tourists in the process of their visits. Financial Services Kenya has been raked as number four in east Africa in its financial service delivery as ranked by Nairobi Stock Exchange. It is also hailed for its international standards banking systems that have allowed efficient transfer of money therefore ensuring a smooth monitorial flow of the visitors while away from their countries. The country is proud to own two of the four international banks while there are other family owned, local and microfinance whose service delivery has reached that of international banks. Kenya has always enjoyed its progress international economic relations, this is mostly due to its flexibility and openness in the allowing other nations also to invest in its country. From this mutual relationship, Kenya has always accessed both supplies and markets across borders with no problem therefore in accessing both tourists and other supplies that can be useful in facilitating tourism management. Social Factors Kenya and most of the developing countries have a rich cultural heritage that is greatly attractive to tourists. The Kenyan coastal areas that tourists love as many cultural and historical artifacts which attract foreign visitor. Socially Kenya constitutes of 42 ethnical tribes of indigenous blacks, Arabs and a few Europeans and Asians.. Most of the Kenyan traditional activities and cultural values up to date have remained as a source of tourist attraction to many foreign citizens. There are also tourist related artifacts produced from the traditional activities, which normally portrays a high level of technicality, skills and creativity, which even today’s technological development has not yet outworn them. Among these skills, include pottery, carvings, paintings and other forms of decoration. Tourists can also be interested in observing other cultural activities like, traditional circumcisions, sacrifices dances, crowning of social leader, wedding ceremonies among others, which are characterized by a high degree of creativity and uniqueness and hence attractive. Most of the tourist attraction sites are based on real life alongside some of the cultural groups who have maintained their traditional activities and therefore still act as a supplementary source of entertainment in the tourism industry. Kenyan people are known to live in as a collective group of both nuclear and extended family this has helped in efficient transfer of cultural influences from one generation to the other and therefore conserving the culture. Early in the olden days, there used to be rivalry over property in this case livestock, grazing and watering fields among the people of different communities but with education and government administration intervention, such vices were replaced by cohesive strategies with no conflicts. Kenya belongs to three linguistic groups of which each has its sub tribes with unique tourist attraction sites. These groups include the Bantu, cushites and Nilotes, the Bantu are located mostly in the central, a few in the western side while the rest are found in the coast, they comprise of almost a third of the country’s population. Among them the most commonly known are the kikuyu Kamba and Luhya. The Kikuyu people are commonly found around the Mount Kenya region whose m ajor tourist attraction aspects are their historical involves the freedom fighters against the British colonial rule. However the kikuyu having suffered a lot in colonial era, they have still developed a negative attitude towards any white person therefore making tourism exploration in that area .The kikuyu are known to be the sole owners of the country’s largest coffee farms which were introduces by the colonialists and servers as a tourist attraction site. With the introduction of universal education in Kenya thee social livelihood among the citizens in Kenya include improvement in communication process. Through the introduction of education, there has been an improved communication network mostly between the tourist stakeholders and the local communities living within the tourist attraction sites. This has reduced the incidence if hostility among the tourist by this rural community since they have perceived the white as an enemy due to the colonization stigma. Effort from the government to explain to them the importance of such people to the community has become effective and instead they have been incorporated in tourism improvement strategies. These local communities after a series of training have become of great use in protecting the animals from poaching, forest from deforestation and also acting as tour guides and securities to the tourists. Tourism Outlook and attractions in Kenya Tourism in majority of the developing countries is the second ranked source of foreign income, first one being agriculture. In Africa, the major tourist attraction sites are the wild life followed by unique geographical features and some of the cultural dynamics amongst different communities. Many state leaders regard its vital importance in its role in economic development as a complete industry for exporting services. Tourism provides great macro economic impact mostly in, providing foreign income for purchases of imports and creation of mass employment from hospitality, recreation, forestry, wild life transport, security cultural among others. In as far as tourism is concerned Kenya has been regarded as one of the most exciting destinations for international tourists in the world. Initially when one could mention Kenya with respect to tourism, the first picture to come to one’s mind was the wild life but with the fast pace of development, leisure has been incorporated among the reasons to visit Kenya for holidays. Tourism in Kenya is by magnitude the highest by far in foreign income earner owing its achievement from not only its natural resources but also the stakeholder’s devotion in excellent plan and show case implantation. This has made Kenya despite having almost similar natural resources in east Africa to be the first and most favorite destination for tourist in the region. Kenya as the tourism stakeholders put it, it has been blessed with a well-integrated combination of natural mostly, geographical features whose uniqueness has always being a source of amazement to tourist and hence attracting them. The most amazing thing is despite the several visits, photos and videos taken on several sites, it has never reached a point of monotony but instead more curiosity ids developed making more visitors to frequent as many consecutives holidays as possible. Among the unique and amazing geographical attracting sites are, the lake Vitoria and Naivasha not forgetting the amazing look of the rift valley, which also has some of the traces of the early man evaluating historical evidences. The second tallest mountain in Africa, Mount. Kenya happens to attract many in its activities like climbing it, exploring its wild life and vegetative variations among the slopes. However irrespective of a variety of different attraction sites and scenery, tourism exploration in Kenya cannot be a 100% complete in terms of satisfaction in the absence of wildlife exploration,. The most famous and amazing tourist attraction issues are the big five mammals and the herds behavior of migrating beasts and birds among different habitats. Several boards operate independently with a common aim of maintaining and improving the tourism industries in Kenya. These boards are listed alongside their area of operation as follows: Kenya wild life service in the maintenance, management and conserving the wild life and its habitats, plantations developing board in ensuring local wildlife and other ecosystems in the area of their management are conserved. Hospitality companies ensure the locomotion, accommodation and the general welfare of the visitors. Kenyan government has also taken the initiative to incorporate the private sector in this business to aid in its efficiency of improving tourism service delivery. Among the privatized organization, include the cultural organization formerly known as the Bomas of Kenya and the Kenya utalii hotels. however there are other sectors that were specially introduced purposely for the tourism industry development include the Kenya airways for travelling logistics, tourists travelling agents, and other associations like , hotel owners, caters, beach operators and coats managers associations. Political factors The political stability of nay country plays an important role in attracting visitor’s t its borders. A major factor that has placed Kenya at the top of tourist destinations is its relative political stability compared to other developing and emerging tourist destinations. Since its independence, Kenya has provided security to its visitors a factor that has played a great part in its development. Contrasting this with an emerging destination such as Nigeria, Kenya ha made great strides in terms of political stability. Although Nigeria has in recent years tries to diversify its economy by investing in tourism, perceptions of insecurity have always drawn back these efforts. However, Kenya ha also had its fair share of insecurity that has sometimes posed a challenge. Political violence had an immediate impact on the tourist industry for it directly affected the major tourism attraction areas mostly in the coast region. According to the political analysts, the violence was termed to be immature implying that chances of its repetition were high. These therefore led top the international tour guides to raise a warning sign on the likely hood of Kenyans political unrest, which defiantly lowered the tourists, turn out. Kenya has also involved itself with fallouts with international fallouts with other nations indirectly or directly. Kenya being a major allies of America, which is a major enemy of Arabic countries leading to terrorist attacks. America having a strict security network has become hard to be hit by terrorists and therefore they result into hitting weaker countries. This has therefore made Kenya to be a subjected it this terrorist attacks therefore making it insecure for the tourists to explore freely. Most African countries have raised concerns on the rate at which undesirable behaviors from the western countries have been transferred to Africans. Among this vices include drug abuse, sexual immorality and human trafficking with more than 90 % of them owing their causes to tourist. Other ecological problems associated with tourism include soil degradation, overcrowding of human beings in the animal habitats interfering with their normal activities mostly reproduction and therefore compromising the population increase. Most of the jobs created by this industry do not benefit the local people who are mostly involved or associated with tourist attraction cites. Influx of tourists has made the price of goods and services to go up therefore making it hard for the locals to afford. There has been a major reported problem in bio diversity mostly in coast due to the development in the name of bulking of structures like hotels which will affect the natural habitats of the coast. 2. Compare and contrast current issues and problems associated with tourism development in one developing and one emerging destination. Given examples where the impacts are different. Tourism presents many challenges despite its economic and social potential. A comparison of Kenya and Rwanda in tourism development challenges reveals many similarities and difference. Kenya is a developing tourist destination while Rwanda is an emerging destination. Some of the challenges facing both countries in the growth of tourism is the global economic meltdown. The economic recession in the world has hit both countries had leading to a decrease in the numbers of tourists. The crisis has discouraged foreigners from visiting some countries as a result of lack of disposable income. One challenge that Kenya ha greatly suffered form in the development of its tourism is environmental degradation. As tourism grows, there is a drive towards clearing large areas of land for the construction o facilities such as hotels. This has lead to depreciation of forest cover. The destruction of the environment along the coastal areas as also posed a great challenge to tourism development in the country. In contrast, Rwanda has attempted to avoid these problems . In mot developing countries, governments do not invest back into the community the funds gained from tourism. This is one of the problems that communities in Kenya have always complained about. The government therefore faces the challenge of satisfying communities living along the tourist destination areas such as Maasai Mara. This has sometimes led to unrest in these areas as the communities demand a large share of the tourist revenues. This is also a challenge in Rwanda although there are no large populations living along these areas in Rwanda. The problem is therefore greater in Kenya where the population is large and with greater economic and scalar awareness by the people. 3. Evaluate with recommendations the future development of tourism in these areas. As various governments within the developing world pursue economic success they have put in place strategies to guide the future development of the industry. The future of the tourist industry is bright despite the grim outlook posed by the present challenges. The global economic crisis is especially a serious challenge at present. However, as economies in Europe and other traditional tourism markets recover, the tourist destinations will experience a boom. Some counties such as Kenya have at present put in place strategies to encourage domestic tourism which mitigates against global factors such as the financial crisis and travel advisories on security. In recent years, the growth of the domestic market in Kenya has witnessed tremendous growth and there are indications that this is a trend that is set to grow. As more Kenyans explore the tourist attractions in their own country, hotels and lodges will continue reaping returns even during the low season. The emerging markets are also creating a situation of competition, which has forced the traditional markets to evaluate their marketing strategies. Countries such as Nigeria and Rwanda are struggling to catch up with traditional markets and this has given rise to intense competition in the tourism market. The increased competition means that tourists are likely to experience better packages and treatment in the various competing destinations. Value for money is an important consideration for tourist and increased competition provides an opportunity for realizing this advantage. It is important that government in developing countries put in place effective policies to promote tourism. They should liaise with local communities to achieve this aim. The participation of local communities in the development of tourism strategies ensures that there is coordination of ideas, especially with regard to issues such as environmental protection and revenue distribution. The local communities understand their ecosystem better and their views should be incorporated in all issues affecting tourism in their communities. There is also a need for the development of regional tourism in developing countries so that the market does not only rely on European markets alone. On the overall, tourism development in the developing destinations faces mixed prospects. However, there is no denying that the industry provides great promise to the economic potential of the developing countries both in the short term and the long term. Policies by the various governments must be positively channeled and the various tourist organizations in these countries should work towards strengthening the industry for a better future. Conclusion Tourism evidently plays a great role in the developing countries. This is more so in countries that have put tourism at the top of investment priorities. Considering these important factors, there is a need to conserve and maintain this industry by having many improvements in ensuring the industry is attracting and retaining more tourists. The first thing to consider is the importance of natural biodiversity to tourists. Wild life is the major tourist attraction sites therefore there is a need to maintain all the factors that make wildlife to be sustainable. This conservation measures include avoiding poaching and illegal logging, which lead to deforestation. Through the wildlife service providers, they educate the community on the importance of the wild life and the need to conserve it. Tourist related institutions in Kenya and other developing countries should be started in order to train the Kenyan staff on the better techniques to attract and retain tourists in the nation. This t rain may range from transport and logistics, hospitality management and tour guiding .security measures should be improved in this case including elimination of terrorism threats in certain countries, ensuring a stable government to avoid violence because of civil war and other upraising which are likely to scare away tourists from coming. There is also need to establish presentable agents and scouts in the tourist’s countries who provide first hand information and guidance on which country to go for holiday and the attraction sites that one is expected to experience.

Letter for the Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Racial Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racial Diversity - Essay Example The main aim of this report is to understand using a real life company, the different kinds of discriminations that employees face at work, the make up of the group i.e. the racial make up of the group, the existing problems and issues and the solutions used by management to resolve the issues. The company chosen for this research is Wal Mart. The next section will deal with a brief about Wal Mart and a little about the employees. Wal Mart is the biggest retailers in the world. Wal – Mart has wide operations spread across 14 markets, 7390 Wal – Mart stores. They company employees over 2 million associates. It is the largest employer in America. The company claims to give importance to the employee’s growth and careers. The company’s website claims to provide the employees with a competitive pay, skills development and health benefits for the employee and family. Articles and studies have shown that the company pays employees a salary which is way below the poverty line and employees have confessed that they cannot live out of the pay received from Wal – Mart alone. The average hours worked by employees is around 40 hours a week. However the pay received is very low and for some of the employees it is just enough to live out of a Dodge truck (Greenhouse, 2005). A study showed that even though employees were given hikes in salary they did not really benefit from the hikes. Wal – Mart has instituted a new payment method. The company has placed a range for every job level and once an employee reaches the top of the pay range, the salary freezes and chances of pay increase is completely eliminated. The promotion system is also very poor and employees working for almost 13-14 years in the company and have not been promoted (Gogoi, 2006). Wal Mart’s main vision for the company is to become leading retailers in the world. The