The Nazis Of The Jewish Race - 1865 Words

Imagine yourself as a child at home, taking a peaceful nap after having a hectic day at school. All of a sudden, you hear your parents come home knocking on your door shouting at you, to go and wash the dishes. Automatically you get up to do as you re told because you know what the consequences would be if you do not listen to your parents; who are leaders. Since you are influenced by your parents you would try to emulate them, believing what they say is the right thing to do; however, you might try to do more just to impress them because you want to be acknowledged and rewarded by them for doing extra work without being told to. This is what took place in Germany during the Holocaust; the Nazi SS soldiers tried to impress Hitler by causing the genocide of the Jewish race. These soldiers played the role of perpetrators during the Holocaust. Furthermore, the Nazis SS soldiers would treat the Jews like they were less than humans in Germany. They also tortured and killed many innocent J ewish individuals who were either in the concentration camps or others who were rebelling against the Nazis. Additionally, the Jewish people were showed no type of compassion whatsoever while under the authority of the Germans. Therefore, the Nazi SS soldiers were the cause of the mass destruction during the Holocaust because they attempted to obliterate an entire race that they considered inferior to their superiority; while Adolf Hitler was trying to make Germany into a stronger and moreShow MoreRelatedThe Final Solution Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesintention of Genocide was not on the cards. Living Space was his major obsession. Hitler believed that the German people needed living space and he thought that the Jewish people only made for a nuisance. He wanted to move them and not kill them. Hitler does not state that he wishes to bring physical harm to the Jewish people. In speeches he states that he wish to annihilate the Jews from Europe, not kill them. (Speech made in January 1939) Early on in Hitlers campaignRead MoreSingling Out the Jewish People743 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War II the Nazi party took over in Germany. At its head was a man named Adolf Hitler. For some reason Hitler hated the Jews, we see this in World War II with the Holocaust. The Holocaust started in 1933 when Hitler rose to power; he made a plan in 1941 which was to eradicate the whole Jewish population. Hitler called this plan the â€Å"Final Solution† (An Introductory History of The Holocaust). Why did Hitler and the Nazis single out the Jews for genocide? And in what ways did the Nazis single themRead MoreTargeting Jews for Genocide Essay903 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Genocide When discussing The Holocaust, our minds tend to jump straight to the genocide of the Jewish populations of Europe. This is because of the approximate 11 million people killed during The Holocaust; roughly 6 million of them were Jews. Many people are now left to wonder why Hitler and the Nazi Party specifically targeted the Jews for genocide. The main reason was because the Nazi Party took the idea of nationalism to an extreme, new level. Hitler also thought the Jews were responsibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Jews On Jewish Population During The Nazi Regime1119 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant topic is being researched, and it concerns the Final Solution of the Nazis concerning the Jews. On January 20th 1942, 15 leading officials of the Nazi state met at a villa in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin, to discuss the â€Å"Final solution of the Jewish Question† (â€Å"The Final Solution,† 2015). They used the term â€Å"Final Solution† to refer to their plan to annihilate t he Jewish people. It is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement their plan to eradicate the Jews†Read MoreThe Main Goal Of The Nazis On The European Jews Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe main goal of the Nazis pertaining to the European Jews was that of total extermination. At the yearly party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced new laws which regulated a large number of the racial speculations common in Nazi philosophy. Two distinct laws passed in Nazi Germany in September 1935 are referred to on a whole as the Nuremberg Laws: the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Assurance of German Blood and German Honor. These laws epitomized large portions of theRead MoreAdolf Hitler s Influence On His Life1750 Words   |  7 PagesJews because it was a Jewish doctor that tried to cure her. On 3rd August 1914 he enrolled as a soldier for World War 1. After years of poverty, alone and uncertain, he now had a sense of belongi ng and purpose, fighting for his country. Throughout the war, he was regarded as a very loyal soldier and was awarded numerous awards for his bravery and courage. When the war ended on November 1st 1918, he couldn’t control his anger on Germany’s defeat. He blamed the defeat on the Jewish soldiers. This is whenRead MoreTaking a Look at the Holocaust735 Words   |  3 Pagesnationalism and the concept of a master race. Hitler and other Nazi leaders viewed the Jews not as a religious group, but rather as a poisonous race, that lived off the other races and weakened them. The Jewish population was the majority of the other races that were affected, but it was also the Gypsies, disabled, mentally ill, handicapped, dark-skinned, and mixed races. An approximate eleven billion people died, six million of them Jews. After Hitler took power, Nazi teachers in school classroomsRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1022 Words   |  5 Pagesform. One race of people who suffered the most was the Jews. The question still remain why the German wanted the Jewish race annihilated. The Annihilation of the Jews was known as the holocaust. The word[ holocaust is a Greek word that means â€Å"Thorough destruction or By Fire]1. The Germans at that time wanted a pure race , that white was the superior race in the world. Germany s leader at the time was Adolf Hitler. He believed, that it was his moral responsibility to kill off the Jewish race, becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Elie Wiesels Night933 Words   |  4 Pagesearth). All Jews, as a race were brutalized by the Nazis during this time; reducing them to no less than objects, positions which meant nothing to them, belongings that were a nuisance. Nazis would gather every Jew that they could find and bring them to these infernos, separating the men and women. Families, not knowing it would never see each other again. Individuals within the categories were divided even more, based on their health, strength, and age. They would be judged by a Nazi officer, which wouldRead MoreThe Horrible And Gruesome Events Of The Holocaust933 Words   |  4 Pagesearth). All Jews, as a race were brutalized by the Nazis during this time; reducing them to no less than objects, positions which meant nothing to them, belongings that were a nuisance. Nazis would gather every Jew that they could find and bring them to these infernos, separating the men and women. Fa milies, not knowing it would never see each other again. Individuals within the categories were divided even more, based on their health, strength, and age. They would be judged by a Nazi officer, which would

Essay on The Mystery of the JFK Assassination - 816 Words

The Mystery of the JFK Assassination The assassination of JFK affected the lives of many that were alive during his presidency and forever impacted history. His assassination is shrouded in mystery, and to this day no one knows exactly what happened. He was the youngest elected president, and the youngest president to die in office. JFK was many things. Among these, he was the youngest president, youngest president to die in office, and the first Roman Catholic president (Merriam Websters). Since it was well known JFK a civil rights activist, since it was well known he was disliked by many southerners. Despite having enemies in the south Kennedy had made it clear he wanted to campaign in Florida and Texas, as he knew that not winning†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ on Saturday November 23 the FBI announced that the rough fingerprints they found on the Mannlicher-Carcano were insufficient for the purposes of†¦ identification†¦ [and] were of no value. On November 29, however, the FBI announced that it had found a palm print on the rifle. (Kallen, 52). Oswald, however, never got trial because he was shot by Jack Ruby. Many people believe that Oswald was not working alone. There was a shot to the back of the head of Kennedy, but the shot that killed him came from the front. He fell backwards when he was shot the second time. People next to the president reported having smelled gunpowder right after the shot, but if Oswald was in the depository building then there was no way the smell of gunpowder could have reached the ground so quickly. It takes over two seconds to shoot a second bullet from a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, and there was less than two seconds between the first shot and second shot, it couldnt have possibly just been Oswald (Kallen, 35). Jack Ruby, the man who shot Oswald, had made several deals with major mafia leaders and supposedly worked for Al Capone. Carlos, one of the leaders of the mafia, had obtained 1.1 billion dollars from illegal activities, and made him the largest organization in Louisiana, making him a ta rget in the Kennedy administration. Carlos was eventually caught and deported toShow MoreRelatedThe Mystery of the JFK Assassination744 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Æ' The Mystery of the JFK assassination The assassination of JFK affected the lives of many that were alive during his presidency and forever impacted history. His assassination is shrouded in mystery, and to this day no one knows exactly what happened. He was the youngest elected president, and the youngest president to die in office (The White House) JFK was a civil rights activist, because this was well known he had made enemies with many southerners in that time period. Despite these enemiesRead MoreMystery of Who Killed John F Kennedy1483 Words   |  6 PagesDue to the vast speculations of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas the mystery of what really happened still lies amongst us today. From theory to theory there is no telling what the true motive in killing the President really was. Among the various theories are those that involve the Chicago mafia, Lee Harvey Oswald attempting the murder by himself, and the left and right wing factions of the U.S. government. After several investigations, there is no realRead MoreJfk Assassination Research Paper1102 Words   |  5 PagesApril 3, 2013 JFK Assassination On November 29, 1963, our 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. A young and vigorous leader who was a victim of the fourth Presidential assassination in the history of a country. This assassination was known as a world tragedy, and a great lost to our nation. Many conspiracies were formed while the investigation of his assassination was undergoing, making hisRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media coverage, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations hav e the capacity to encourageRead MoreJfk And The President Jfk1368 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) was assassinated in Dallas Texas. The nation and the whole world was shocked in that day. In fact, president JFK was preparing for his next combine in Texas, he took a road trip by a motorcade with his wife Jacqueline Kennedy, Governor John Connally, and his wife Nellie. The road trip went through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas towards the trade mart, where the president was scheduled to give a speech there. The road that the president JFK was traveling on by his motorcadeRead MoreTo Kill A Kennedy954 Words   |  4 Pagesvast majority of Americans believe Oswald’s words, claiming that there was more behind the tragic assassination than the United States government once portrayed. Many have disregarded everything the government had told the world and have come up with their own theories, forming the greatest conspiracy in the history of America, a conspiracy that the world is still butting heads about. With the assassination of President Kennedy, the United States government issued a report to settle down the countryRead MoreKameron Harris. Mrs. Thompson. Hist 102-10. 2 May 2017.824 Words   |  4 Pagescurrency such as the bronze penny and five-dollar bill, and the President who freed the slaves. JFK was the 35th President of America, household favorite, and the President who saved the world from nuclear destruction. But deep inside the walls of the White House, the two Presidents had other motives for that occurred during their term and many people believe that it led to both of their assassination. JFK and Abraham Lincoln were American Icons, and their secret past seem to hurt their legacy in theRead MoreOliver Stones JFK1431 Words   |  6 Pages Oliver Stones JFK was a movie about the investigation by a district attorney, Jim Garrison, about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. JFK was one of the most controversial f ilms of its time dealing with the decades-long debate about who actually killed President Kennedy. Was it done by the lone gunman Lee Harvey Oswald and his magic bullet that pierced through the bodies of the two men creating seven wounds? Or was it the end result of a detailed scheme masterminded by the MafiaRead MoreConspiracy Theories Surrounding The Assessination of John F. Kennedy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesout more than others. The first being the JFK conspiracy theory, second is the moon landing conspiracy, and last the Illuminati. The John F. Kennedy assassination is and always will be one of the most controversial topics of all time. Perhaps the world will never know what was behind the fateful events of John F. Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1961. Many different groups have generated various theories as to the culprits behind the JFK assassination. Each grouping would claim to have theRead MoreA Look into the Assassination of JFK981 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the United States and The Soviet Union. He tried very hard to not get involved in what would turn into the â€Å"Cold War† since the US had just gotten out of war from World War II ending and since the people of the US were very against another war. JFK, although he was a very popular politician, had a few enemies who didn’t agree with how he governed our country. And while going on a campaign tour in Dallas, Texas, he met one of his enemies and was assassinated on November 22, 1963. He was shot while

Bio-Signal Acquisition and Processing Using Labview Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction: The increased public presentation of personal computing machines and their reduced cost has made it possible for development of Personal computer based signal processing systems. Hospitals need several measurement systems that can mensurate physiological parametric quantities of the patients. Although diagnostic medical instruments have been widely used. uniting practical instrument engineering to accomplish the intent of physiological measuring has several benefits. These systems are efficient and cost-efficient for geting and analysing biomedical signals. Using practical instrumentality to accomplish physiological measuring will mostly diminish the cost and increase the flexibleness of the instruments. This workaims at planing a practical instrument for geting and processing of Electrooculogram signal. Electrooculography ( EOG ) is a technique for mensurating the resting potency of the retina. Keywords: Data acquisition. signal processing. LabVIEW. Virtual Instrument. EOGmeasurement I. INTRODUCTION Hospitals need several measurement systems that can mensurate physiological parametric quantities of the patient. Measurement systems should be able to mensurate accurately the vital organs of patient like bosom conditions. organic structure temperature. electrical activity of the bosom. electrical activity of the encephalon etc. This information should be readily available to the physicians for diagnosing and proper intervention. PCbased signal acquisition. and analysis is an efficient and cost effectual method forbiomedical signal acquisition and monitoring. Isolation of the topic from the electronic circuitry is really of import. Besides. since the bio signal degree is really low. elaboration of signals is of import. Hence. a Personal computer based system consists of extra circuits for isolation and elaboration of the signals. Uniting practical instrumentality engineering for physiological measurings is an approaching engineering that is presently lifting up at a faster rate. The cost can be drastically brought down and the flexibleness can be increased by usage of practical instrumentality. National Instrument’s LabVIEWis a platform and development environment for a ocular scheduling. The intent of such scheduling is automatizing the use of processing and mensurating equipment in any laboratory apparatus. Controls and indexs on the front panel allow an operator to input informations into or pull out informations from a running practical instrument. A cardinal benefit of LabVIEW over other development environments is the extended support for accessing instrumentality hardware. The paper is organized as follows: Section I. gives debut to practical instrumentality and demand of the current work. Section II. explains the bio signal inside informations. Section III discusses the challenges in the design. Section IV explains the public presentation and consequences. and the last Section V concludes the paper followed by mentions used. II. BIOELECTRIC SIGNAL- . ELECTOOCULOGRAM Electric potencies are generated as a consequence of motion of the orbs within the conductive environmentof the skull. Electrodes placed on either sideof the eyes or above and below them pick up th e potencies generated by the gesture of the orb. This possible varies about in proportion to the motion of the orbs. This signal is little individually. This requires five electrodes which are placedabove and below the oculus for perpendicular motions. and on the sides of the oculus ( canthi ) for horizontal motions. A mention electrode is placed on the brow of the topic. Sing the cost and dependability makes Silver ( Ag ) -Silver Chloride ( AgCl ) electrodes ideal for EOG. An electrolytic gel based on Na chloride is applied to the tegument since the upper beds of the tegument are hapless music directors of electricity. Several methods have been proposed in literature that use Electrooculograms ( EOGs ) happening as a consequence of oculus motions [ 3 ] [ 5 ] . An electric wheelchair controlled by oculus motions utilizing EOG has been developed as a motion support device. An EOG based infirmary dismay system has been successfully tested. An oculus gazing system for observing any point where the oculus gazes on the screen has been developed for communicating aid intents [ 4 ] . [ 5 ] . III. CONSTRUCTION AND CHALLENGES The chief aim of the current work carried on is to develop a practical instrument which can get the EOG signal. execute noise riddance and elaboration. Geting the signal utilizing NI DAQ. planing the suited low cost amplifier for elaboration and designing of low base on balls and high base on balls filters was done. The acquired signal was displayed utilizing LabVIEW front panel. The front panel and block diagram have been designed. The basic block diagram is shown is fig 1. Noise DecreaseEOG signals have a scope of 0. 5Hz to 30Hz. Therefore. a low base on balls filter with 30Hz cutoff could take most of the high frequence noises. And a high base on balls filter of 0. 5 Hz is required. which together form a set base on balls of 50 Hz. Other noise artefacts are largely transients caused. for illustration. by the turning of an electrical switch on/off in the locality of the electrodes. contraction of the facial or neck musculuss. slippage of Fig. 1 System Organization filter of bandwidth 0. 5Hz to 30 Hz. Power line frequence can be easy removed. utilizing a notch filter the electrode due to sudate and oculus eye blink. However. the signals produced by oculus water chickweeds are. in fact. rather regular. They appear as sudden spikes with separating amplitudes. Hence it is possible to easy acknowledge. changedwhen the oculus is moved and the motion of theeye is translated into electrical alteration ofpotential. This possible can be noninvasively recorded by utilizing surface electrodes. provides anoninvasive method for entering full scope ofeye motions. The resting potency is A brace of electrodes is required for measuringthe resting potency of the retina. It Hz ) . Electrooculography is a technique for ( 10 to 100microV ) and has low frequences ( District of Columbia to 30 ? Fig. 1. Block diagram of EOG Amplifier electrooculography under certain conditions do non damage it. Preamplifier: The input preamplifier phase carries out the initial elaboration of the EOG. This phase should hold really high input electric resistance and a high common-mode-rej ection ratio ( CMRR ) . Isolation circuit: The circuitry of this block contains a barrier to the transition of current from the power line ( 50 Hz ) . This barrier would forestall unsafe currents from fluxing from the patient through the amplifier to the land of the recording equipment or personal computer. Driver amplifier: Circuitry in this block amplifies the EOG to a degree at which it can suitably enter the signal on the recording equipment. This phase besides carries out the bandpass filtering of the electrocardiograph to give the frequence features of the signal. Case construction: Merely one subdiagram is seeable at a clip. and the construction executes merely one instance at a clip. An input value determines which subdiagram executes. Time hold: The Wait ( MS ) map delaies until the msec counter counts to an sum equal to the input you specify. This map guarantees that the loop executing rate is at least the sum of the input you specify. Filter: The Filter Express VI processes a signal through filters and Windowss. Filters used include the undermentioned: Highpass. Lowpass. Bandpass. Bandstop. and Smoothing. Windows used include Butterworth. Chebyshev. Inverse Chebyshev. Elliptical. and Bessel. Waveform graph: The wave form graph displays one or more secret plans of equally sampled measurings. Amplitude and degree measurings: he Amplitude and Level Measurements Express VI performs electromotive force measurings on a signal. These include DC. rms. maximal extremum. minimal extremum. extremum to top out. rhythm norm. and rhythm rms measurings. Tone measurings: The Tone Measurements Express VI hunts for a individual tone with the highest frequence or highest amplitude. It besides finds the frequence and amplitude of a individual tone. Write to measurement file: The Write to Measurement File Express VI writes a file in LVM or TDM file format. Build tabular array: Converts a signal or signals into a tabular array of informations that lists the amplitude of each signal and the clip informations for each point in the signal. Result tabular array: Use the tabular array control to make a tabular array on the front panel. Each cell in a tabular array is a twine. and each cell resides in a column and a row. Therefore. a tabular array is a show for a 2D array of strings. A. Signal Acquisition and treating Data acquisition cards for multiple channels for parallel input and end products are available. Using the libraries. plans for the informations acquisition are rapidly and easy made. Extra noise is filtered utilizing the pick of filters like Butterworth. Bessel. Chebyshev I. and Chebyshev II provided in the LabVIEWsoftware. The installing of the DAQ card includes: 1. Installation of the application package 2. Installation of the DAQ card driver foremost. before piecing DAQ card into the desktopcomputer. This procedure can guarantee WINDOWS to observe the DAQ card. 3. Installing the necessary devices. accoutrements and overseas telegrams. 4. Power on the computing machine. 5. Confirm that the device is recognized. 6. Run the trial Panel. In the current work. M Series USB-6221 is used as informations acquisition interface. 5. String: A twine is a sequence of displayable or non-displayable ASCII characters. String sections provide a platformindependent format for information and information. into its frequence constituents. One of the most common manner to make this is with an FFT. In order to ease this type of analysis. LabVIEW comes with built in FFTs that make the procedure of constituent separation quick and easy. Digital filters are provided with the pick of Butterworth. Bessel. Chebyshev and digital filters. With a few accommodations these filters can be configured for about any design that is needed. While cringle: Repeats the sub-diagram inside it until the conditional terminus. an input terminus. receives a peculiar Boolean value. Merge signal: Merges two or more signals into a individual end product. Resize the map to add inputs. This map appears on the block diagram automatically when you wire a signal end product to the wire subdivision of another signal. Simulate signal: The Simulate Signal Express VI generates simulated informations such as a sine moving ridge. Numeric control A ; index: The numeral informations type can stand for Numberss of assorted types. such as whole number or existent. The two common numeral objects are the numeral control and the numeral index. ( courtesy: National Instruments. LabVIEW ) The Fast Fourier Transform ( FFT ) and the power spectrum are powerful tools for analysing and mensurating signals from plug-in informations acquisition ( DAQ ) devices. We can efficaciously get time-domain signals. step the frequence content. and change over the consequences to real-world units and shows as shown on traditional bench top spectrum and web analysers. Since the signal of involvement is continuously changing non stationary signal. Wavelet transform block has been included. The ripple transform is a mathematical tool that decomposes a signal into a representation that shows signal inside informations and tendencies as a map of clip. The chief advantages of ripple methods over traditional Fourier methods are the usage of localised footing maps and the faster calculation velocity. A. Design Considerations The work undertaken involves 4 phases which are discussed as below. The first phase is choice of the electrodes. The electrodes were chosen with the concern of protecting the eyes from risky elements. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The biomedical signals acquired from the human organic structure are often really little. frequently in the millivolt/microvolt scope. and each has its ain processing demands. Electrooculography signals are in the microvolt scope and have many frequence constituents. These biomedical signals require treating before they can be analyzed. LabVIEW contains the tools. from fast Fourier transforms to digital filters to recognize complex analysis. In order to make frequence analysis. a complex signal must foremost be broken down Fig. 3 Design of the block diagram B. Design Considerations The work undertaken involves 4 phases which are discussed as below. The first phase is choice of the electrodes. The electrodes were chosen with the concern of protecting the eyes from risky elements. Silver/Silver-Chloride electrodes were chosen because the half-cell potency was the closest to zero. Electrodes with the smallest sum of halfcell potency are desirable because they cause the Stages 2 and 3 encompass the sensing of horizontal and perpendicular motions of the oculus. severally. The 2nd phase ( for horizontal favoritism ) detects sidelong motions at the fringe of each oculus. The hardware in this phase consists of the EOG biopotential amplifier. Similarly. the 3rd phase ( for perpendicular favoritism ) consists of another EOG biopotential amplifier. Location of the electrodes is shown in figure 3. When the eyes look consecutive in front. a steady dipole is created between the two electrodes. When the regard is shifted to the left. the positive cornea becomes closer to the left electrode. which becomes more positive. The undermentioned public presentation least sum of beginning. By definition. the H electrode has a zero half-cell potency. but due to the gaseous nature. they can non be practicably used. Although lead electrodes have a lower half-cell potency than the Ag/Ag-Cl electrodes. lead is risky to the wellness and therefore is avoided. Thus my pick of electrodes takes into history an optimum degree of safety ordinances and preciseness ( least offset ) . LabVIEW is necessary to change over the signal obtained by the EOG into explainable informations for directional favoritism. Furthermore. a graphical show will be implemented in LabVIEW to imitate the motion of an icon on the computing machine screen. Figures 5 shows the water chickweeds. figures 6 and 7 shows the perpendicular motions and figure 8 displays the horizontal motion of the eyes captured by the designed informations acquisition system and displayed by the front panel. The figure4 shows the hardware apparatus. Therefore by puting electrodes to the left and right and above and below the oculus. horizontal and perpendicular motions can be obtained. The end product of the 2nd and 3rd phase is inputted into the concluding phase. the LabVIEW informations acquisition package tool and the personal computing machine. The choice of LabVIEW over diminishing. This has facilitated the development Personal computer based signal acquisition and analysis systems. These systems can replace dearly-won stand-alone systems that are presently in usage. Thecomponents necessary for a LabVIEW based acquisition and analysis system areinexpensive. and readily available. Here. the initial demands of a Personal computer based biosignal acquisition and treating systems have been studied and reviewed. Developing Personal computer based systems utilizing LabVIEW is an efficient option to stand entirely systems. EOG amplifier was designed. The information acquired was amplified. filtered and observed on the front panel. Both the horizontal and perpendicular motion of the eyes and oculus water chickweeds were visualized. The writers wish to reason that the system developed has certain restrictions in footings of truth and characteristics. There is batch of range for future betterment of the developed system. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writers wish to thank the section caput. laboratory staff. Institutional LabVIEW Academy. at college Innovation Centre for allowing to carry on the experiment and besides thankful to all the topics who have cooperated in the experiment. Mentions [ 1 ] . Parten. M. ( 2003 ) . Using practical instruments in ameasurements research lab. Proceedings of the 2003 AmericanSociety for Engineering Education Annual Conference A ; Exposition. June 22-26. 2003. [ 2 ] . MrinalTrikhal. Tapan Gandhi. AyushBhandari. and Vijay Kharel. ‘Multiple Channel Electrooculogram Classification utilizing Automata’ . International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications. – 2007. [ 3 ] R. Barea. L. Bosquete. M. Mazo. and E. Lopez. â€Å"System for aided mobility utilizing oculus movementsbased on electrooculography. † IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. . vol. 10. no. 4. pp. 209-217. 2002. [ 4 ] J. Gips and P. Olivieri. â€Å"Eagle Eyess: An oculus control system for individuals with disablements. † 11th Int. Conf. Tech. Persons Disabilities. Mar. 1996. [ 5 ] Y. Kuno. T. Yagi. I. Fujii. K. Koga. and Y. Uchikawa. â€Å"Development of eye-gaze input interface usingEOG. † Trans. Inf. Processing Soc. Jap. . vol. 39. no. 5. pp. 1455-1462. May 1998. [ 6 ] T. Gandhi. M. Trikha. J. Santosh and S. Anand. â€Å"VHDL Based Electro-Oculogram Signal Classification† . 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications 2007. IEEE computing machine Society. [ 7 ] AysegulGuven. Sadik Kara. â€Å"Classification of electrooculogram signals utilizing unreal nervous network† . Adept systems with Applications. 31 ( 2006 ) 199-205. Elsevier. . [ 8 ] B. Grinstead. M. E. Parten ; Biomedical signal acquisition utilizing â€Å"Labview† . Computer-Based Medical Systems. 1998. Proceedings. 11th IEEE Symposium on ; pp: 157 – 161 ; ISSN: 1063-7125. [ 9 ] Geddes. L. A. . ‘Principles of applied biomedical instrumentation’ . Wiley. New York. 1989. [ 10 ] . J. G. Webster. ‘Medical Instrumentality: Application and Design’ . 3rd Ed. New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. . 1998. Biography Patterson is a pupil of Masterss in control systems under the section of Instrumentation and Control Engineering. His major involvements are in the field of practical instrumentality and control Engineering. Sandra D’Souza. is a module of the section of instrumentality and control Engineeringand a research bookman in the country of biomedical signal processing. Her major involvements are in the field of digital signal processing and bio signal processing.

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication free essay sample

One of the most crucial aspects of nonverbal communication is its ability to strengthen verbal communication. For example, if you tell your spouse you love him and then you follow up your oral communication with loving and endearing actions, the message of love is strengthened. On the contrary, if you tell your teenager not to smoke, yet you smoke in front of them daily, the verbal message and nonverbal message will contradict one another causing confusion and disbelief. Provides Cues Nonverbal communication provides cues to other people to help guide or instruct him. For example, if a police officer is in the middle of an intersection and he faces his hand at your car, you know this means to stop. The nonverbal cue to stop could save your life and the lives of the other passengers on the road. Other cues in American society could be clapping hands, winking with the eye or a shrug of the shoulders. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Nonverbal Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clarifies Nonverbal communication clarifies the verbal message. This can be seen in a presentation. The speaker is verbally communicating and uses nonverbal visual aids to help the listeners understand more effectively. A nonverbal aid in this situation can be a graph, chart or slide show. Incorporating nonverbal communication in an interpersonal or group conversation will provide greater clarity and comprehension. Creates Culture Whether a culture is created in a family or a corporation, it is the nonverbal communication that is responsible for it. In every relationship and group there are certain norms and expectations that are not verbally communicated. Most of the time these rules of engagement are created through nonverbal expressions whether it is touch, time or gestures. Nonverbal communication can make a culture hostile, comforting or awkward. Adds Depth Nonverbal communication adds depth to verbal communication. This is seen in the expression of emotions. Emotions are a form of nonverbal communication that provides depth and greater meaning for an individuals soul. For example, a person can give a speech with no emotion and lose the crowd or they can say the same speech with emotion behind it and captivate the audience. Importance of Nonverbal Communication Verbal and nonverbal communication are required for human communication. Both types of communication exist primarily on the concept of symbolic communication, and cannot be fully understood without considering the other. Language in communication is extremely powerful, as words can be used to shape culture, create meaning, classify individuals, and both clarify and confuse symbolic meaning. Nonverbal communication, beyond its influence over verbal communication, is often the first type of communication expressed during a communication exchange. People begin to formulate understandings and opinions of others before they even hear them speak, and nonverbal communication expresses the information during early phases of interaction. Verbal and nonverbal communication are directly related, and understanding the power each style exerts over the entire communication process is key to effectively developing and executing quality communication strategies. Every utterance is made up of both verbal and nonverbal components, making how you say something just as important as what you say. Nonverbal communication involves sending and receiving messages without the direct use of words. The wide variety of nonverbal communication channels and the unwritten rules for each make up a complex aspect of interpersonal communication. Modes Nonverbal communication may be conveyed through your general appearance and manner of dress, posture, facial expressions, body movements, eye contact, gestures and touch. Paralanguage, another aspect of nonverbal communication, includes vocal characterizations such as laughing and burping, vocal segregates such as uh-huh, shhh or humm and vocal qualifiers including the pitch, volume, tone, tempo and rhythm of your words. Accent, pronunciation and fluency are aspects of paralanguage as well. Significance Nonverbal communication may repeat, complement or contradict the words you say. For example, when a speaker points to the west while giving a directive to walk two blocks west, her gesture conveys the same content as her words. A parent may use a negative tone in order to complement the words in his reprimand to a child. A nonverbal cue such as a wink may contradict the positive words of message. Nonverbal communication can also be a substitute for a verbal message. If a person puts her finger to her lips, she is indicating a need for quiet without using any words. Considerations By understanding nonverbal communication, even if only implicitly, you will be able to communicate more effectively than you would without this knowledge. You can be a better receiver of the messages others wish to convey, and you will be able to employ a variety of strategies to get your message across as well as to detect whether the message was properly understood. Misunderstandings Nonverbal communication is extremely culture-bound, opening up many opportunities for misunderstandings when people from different cultures are involved in an exchange. A single unit of nonverbal communication could have several different meanings depending on who is using it and who is interpreting it. So, when you are interacting with people from a different background, it is wise to gain an awareness of some of the basic nonverbal communication patterns in that culture. You should also be hasty to confirm and clarify rather than rely on your assumptions. Training Children who lack nonverbal communication skills have difficulties getting along with other children. They may be sending messages they dont intend or misinterpreting others nonverbal messages because they do not understand the unwritten rules for appropriate nonverbal behavior.

A Step by Step Guide on Writing a Book Review

Are you in school or college drowning in writing assignments, tests, homework and work? You must have loads of assignments piled up since our professors love assigning a new task in almost every other class. Book review is one of these assignments that makes students panic. This article is for students who want to learn how process and strategies of writing a book review Quick Links 1. What is a Review? 2. Writing a Book Review 2.1 Book Review: Process 3. Basic Structure of a Book Review 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Body 3.3 Conclusion 1. What is a Review? A review can be performed on a piece of writing, an event, object, or a phenomenon. It is a critical evaluation of books, novels, articles in the new york times, movies, literature, policies, architecture, fashion, art and even restaurants and exhibitions. In this particular article, we will focus on book reviews. Moving on, a review is where you make an argument; it isn't merely a summary, but the most significant aspect of a review is that it is like a commentary. You start a dialogue and discussion with the author and the audience. Unlike a book report, you have the liberty to give your opinion and whether or not you agree with the writer. Highlight the strengths and weaknesses in the writer's knowledge, judgment and how the text was organized. Your opinion about the text under analysis is the most important element, so state it clearly. It is similar to any other academic writing such as essays, where you construct an argument and provide strong evidence in the body paragraphs. Do not confuse a book review with a book report. If your teacher has assigned you the task of writing a report then give our article writing a book report a read. Coming back to book reviews... The first thing in a review is a brief summary of the overall content. It gives the readers, the perspective and describe the purpose of the topic and present the argument. Secondly, another crucial detail that a review offers, is an in-depth analysis of the content at hand. This is where you discuss your reaction and feelings, what you thought was interesting and held significance, whether or not it was effective and had the power to persuade, and how your understanding of the issue increased. Lastly, in addition to providing an analysis of the work at hand, you also suggest whether or not the audience will like and appreciate the work. 2. Writing a Book Review Students find writing a review to be a rather daunting task. They feel inexperienced and unqualified when someone asks them to give their opinion about a particular thing. How can they criticize the work of the great Margaret Atwood or Jacqueline Woodson when they haven't written a single novel themselves. You might feel like you are no expert, but you have to become one for your reader, which in this case is your professor. The truth is that everyone has opinions and has something to say. When you have finished reading a book or watched a play, it's impossible not to form your own point of view. Your professor doesn't expect you to match the author's intellectual level, but what is expected of you is a reasonable judgment and analysis after careful observation. 2.1 Book Review: Process When it comes to writing a review, there isn't a definitive way or method. However, critical thinking about the text under analysis is necessary, prior to writing. It's safe to say that it is merely a two step process. The first step is developing an argument and the next step is writing a draft, supporting that argument about the work under consideration. Before diving into the writing process, consider the following questions: What is the main argument or the thesis of the book? What idea does the author want the reader to get from it? Has the book been successful in accomplishing something? How does the book compare to the world familiar to you, how do you relate to it? The main topic and subject. Was it addressed and covered effectively? What approach was used to cover the subject--- was it chronological, descriptive, etc.? Did the author support his/her argument and how? What supporting evidence was used to prove the argument? Was this evidence convincing, if not, then why? Did the author's take on the topic conflict with your beliefs or something that you might have read before? Was the author's argument capable of persuading you? How was the argument structured? How did the book increase your understanding on the topic and whether or not would you recommend the particular book to your readers? 3. Basic Structure of a Book Review Following is the outline used to organize a book review: 3.1 Introduction There are different ways of starting your book review; some begin by an anecdote or a catchy hook. Make sure to add the following details: The name of the book and author along with the main theme. Include necessary information about the author, as mentioned earlier. The context in which the book is written. The thesis statement of the book. When working on a fiction, then you won't be able to find arguments, but you can talk about the novelty or originality. Also, mention your own thesis statement. 3.2 Body The body comprises a brief summary of the content and provide your assessment while backing it up with supporting evidence. Divide your analysis and evaluation in different paragraphs. It doesn't have to be in chronological order; you can arrange these paragraphs by themes and methods. Make sure not to quote excessively and when you do, put the quotations in inverted commas. 3.3 Conclusion Don't introduce new ideas towards the end of your review, instead, restate the thesis and leave the reader with a final judgment. Justify your opinion by mentioning the book's strengths and weaknesses. Finally, remember that you are reviewing a book that has been written not the one you wanted the author to write. While it is okay to mention and point out failures, don't criticize it for not being what you wanted. We have mentioned all the necessary information on writing a book review; if you are still facing difficulty, then there are always essay writing services available. You can buy essay or other highest quality academic writing assignments at affordable prices from 5StarEssays. Our writers offer free revisions and money back guarantee to ensure your satisfaction. The process is simple, just create your personal account, fill out the order form and enjoy an amazing book review.

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper The aim of my investigation was to investigate whether imagery was a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. Different psychologists have found one method to have a different level of effectiveness than the other. The one-tailed hypothesis for this investigation would be which is a better form of memorisation, imagery or rote rehearsal? The hypothesis was mainly concerned with investigating which factor, either imagery or rote rehearsal was the better form of memorisation. To investigate this, my aim is to use a group of 6th form students and examine which is the better form of memorisation. The study used repeated measures design. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. There will be some ethical issues that I will need to into consideration such as participants consent, right to withdrawal e. t. c. The results were collected on a sheet (appendix ). The words that were correctly remembered with the associated word were written down on the sheet. The participants were taken into a separate room so that other participants were not around, thus avoiding conferring and distraction. The results obtained showed that imagery is a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. It was found that more people INTRODUCTION There are various ways in which we can encode stimulus inputs. It may be stored as a visual representation so that you form a visual image of either the printed word itself or a pictorial image of it, or you could form an acoustic representation by saying the written word aloud. Alternatively you could form a semantic representation of the word, this would depend on your knowledge on the meaning of the word. My aim for this coursework is to find out weather imagery is a better form of storing information than rote rehearsal. Craik and Watkins distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, in which material is rehearsed in the form in which it was presented (rote) Elaborative rehearsal, which elaborate the material in some way, e. g. by giving it a meaning or linking it with pre-existing knowledge Many psychologists have done research to suggest the procesess of encoding information. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store memory model, it attempted to explain how information from one storage system to another. The multi-store model sees rehearsal as the key control process, which transfers which helps to transfer information from short term-memory to long-term memory. The Brown-Peterson technique shows that STMs duration is very short and in the absence of rehearsal. However, information can be held in long-term memory almost indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Other Psychologists have tried to explain that imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal. Some psychologists who have done this are: Wollen et al (72). Bower and Springston Richardson et al (74). AIM My aim is to replicate the research carried out by Bower and Winzenz. They found that the imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal and that the participants of their research recalled more words using the technique process of imagery rather then rote rehearsal. The aim of the research is to see if the my findings will be the same as Bowers et al. HYPOTHESES Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the number of words recalled using imagery rather than rote rehearsal, participants will remember more words using the technique of imagery rather than rote rehearsal. Null hypothesis: If any difference occurs between the number of words recalled using imagery and the number of words recalled using rehearsal, it will be due to chance alone DISSCUSSION From the experiment I found that recall was better when participants memorised the word using imagery. These results allow me to reject the null hypothesis, that all results will be due to chance alone and accept the experimental hypothesis. I have been able to fulfil my aim to find out if my findings will be the same or different as Bowers, the results are similar: that imagery was a better form of memorisation then rehearsal. Although this is true for the general results if we look at the individual results: participant 6 re-called three words using rehearsal but only one using imagery, this is true for several other participants. This could be due to the fact that the participants were actually using the imagery technique instead of rote rehearsal even though we had asked them not to. This is a point that needs to be taken into consideration if a repetition of the experiment is to be done. However it could be that rehearsal may actually be a better technique of memorisation, as some psychological research has found this to be correct. Some psychologists who found rehearsal is better technique for recall are Atkinson and Shiffrin, they found that rehearsal was a better technique for memorisation rather then imagery. They believed that memory traces in STM are fragile and can be lost within about 30 seconds unless they are repeated (rehearsed), if this is done them the materials remain for a lifetime. Richardson (72) supported the fact that imagery was a better technique compared to rehearsal. I think there are several ways for me to improve the research that I conducted if I were to re-do it. Instead of using sixth form students I will use adults, as some of the participants were not taking it seriously enough, that way the response is more likely to be more accurate. The research that I carried out did not take place in a natural environment so this could have affected the participants in some way, as they were aware this was an experiment. I could not have carried out my experiment in any other way, however if that was possible I would have had to break ethical issues such as consent and debriefing the participants: it would have been deception. I carried out the research in school, even though it was a classroom with its doors closed the participants were still affected by the noise made by other students walking past the classroom who were not participating in the experiment. Another limitation is that the number of participants involved was very small, to generalise I would need a much bigger sample as this way I would not be taking into account individual differences. Implications of the research: I could re-do this experiment but test imagery with other memory aids such as mnemonics and colour coding. As even though generally participants did better using imagery there were still some participants who did not, so it would be interesting to explore if other methods of recall are even better then memory Also I could use a much bigger participant sample, as this would allow mw to generalise my findings. My findings support and strengthen bowers research but question other researchers such as Anderson and Atkinson and Shiffrin. More Research is needed to discover what is the best method for recall.

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher Assignment

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher - Assignment Example A few days after the completion of the reservoir, water from the same flooded into Person Y’s land despite there being no unusual rainfall or flooding. The case went through various stages of the court system and ended up before the Court of Appeal, being the Exchequer Chamber of six judges, in 1866. There Justice Colin Blackburn stated the following which has now come to be referred to as â€Å"Justice Blackburn’s rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher†. "The true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiff’s default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major or the act of God; but as nothing of this sort exists here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient." It should be noted that Justice Blackburn’s rule was accepted with a slight modification by the House of Lords. The House of Lords imposed a restriction on the rule by stating that it is applicable to "nonnatural" use of the defendants land, as distinguished from "any purpose for which it might in the ordinary course of the enjoyment of land be used." A creditor can institute an action in the county court for the amount due to him by the debtor. If the amount is paid the debtor can avoid the judgment being given against him. A claim form is sent by the creditor to the debtor stating the claim that he has against him. If the debtor pays the debt in full along with interest and court fees, a CCJ is not issued and a court hearing avoided. On the other hand, if he wishes to pay later or in installments the debtor should fill in the form stating how he wishes to pay the debt – a CCJ will, however, be issued in this instance.

CoOrdinate implementation of customer service stratergies (certificate Essay

CoOrdinate implementation of customer service stratergies (certificate III in sales) - Essay Example 6 Private Contractor 7Architect and Private Contractors 8 Company approves Interior Design and Store Lay-out Milestone 3 9 Interior Designer starts work 10 Interior Designers ends work 11 Merchandisers fix store lay-out Milestone 4 12 Booths/kiosks for sports and apparel finished 13 The interior designer makes final touches to the store lay-out 14 Company opens store to the public Milestone 5 GANNT CHART OF MAJOR TASKS TO BE DONE BY PERSONNEL IN ACQUIRING THE PRODUCTS (SPORTING GOODS, EQUIPMENT, APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES) Task Task 1 Planning Sports Equipment Task 2 Generating and Selecting list of suppliers Task 3 Checking Quality of Merchandise and Final Choice Task 4 Planning Store Lay-out for Sports and Apparel Task 5Installation Task 6 Sporting Goods are placed in Display Booths Task 7 Store is open to the Public Reports & milestones Duration of Project - months 1 Store Merchandising Manager and team Milestone 1 2 Merchandising Team 3Merchandising Team 4 Quality control Manager and team of assistants Milestone 2 5 Marketing Director and Merchandising Team 6 Architect, Marketing Director and Merchandising Team 7 Architect and Private Contractor Milestone 3 8 Architect and Private Contractor 9 Architect and Private Contractor 10 Architect and Private Contractor 11 Marketing Director and Merchandising Team Milestone 4 12 Merchandising Team 13 Merchandising Team 14Marketing Director, Merchandising Team and Architect Milestone 5 Identification of Project Stakeholders The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the...Through special coordination with the company's high-quality suppliers, product testing demonstrations will take place on-site for our customers to appreciate. This system will allow the customer to appreciate the features of the sports equipment and accessories, and they will be able to receive detailed equipment performance information right from the manufacturers' representatives. The Shop employs sports specialists and athletes who are familiar with the various sporting goods and equipment. The shop caters to university students and sports enthusiasts who live in the community. The shop has a strategic location as it is close to Deakin University Waterfront campus, college and high school libraries, department stores and supermarkets, cafes, restaurants, entertainment sites, city hospitals, designated sporting grounds and the beach. The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the end consumers consisting of the family households comprising of the parents, the teen-agers who are university students, the children and other family members who will purchase the sport equipment, apparel and accessories. The company must provide high-quality goods at affordable prices.

Interview questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interview questions - Essay Example I am a Bihari, a person born in the northern Indian state of Bihar. I am a Hindu by religion. My father is a farmer. We have a big joint family. I have three brothers and two sisters. I am the third child in my family. We come from upper caste Brahmin Background. I am not an scholar in Hinduism, I can only tell u in bits and pieces. As far as I know it started in Vedic Indian period where people are being distinguished according to the kind of work they did. The society had been fragmented forming different social classes. The four major castes have been: The Brahmins, they were the priests, scholars and teachers. The Kshatriya, they were the ruling class and the warriors. Vaisya, these are the traders and in the lowest of hierarchy were Sudras the manual workers. With the passage of time the Brahmins and Kshatriya got the powerful status and started using their powerful position to exploiting other people. Like in my village were I spent my childhood there were different wells for different castes to draw water. People of lower castes were not allowed to sit on chairs in front of me as I am a born Brahmin. There are many evils in this caste system, so after independence of India many efforts are being made to eradicate this problem, special ly the problem of untouchability. The caste system is by the way less rigid in urban areas where people of different castes are living in coherence. One big reason is the unavailability of other option. But people in urban areas do ask about each others castes and usually get along with the people of same caste. However bad this caste system may appear it is still working because it has some utility. In my opinion it provides a close community base were people of same caste support each other in the different situations of life. Not every time. I think like everywhere else in this world Money does matters in Indian society too. But from the

Types of Computers: An Overview

Types of Computers: An Overview A computer is a programmable machine. It accepts information in the form of digitalized data and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. It consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Computer History: The first use of the word computer was recorded in 1613 in a book called The young mans gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwaite I have read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduced thy days into a short number. It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. Computer Types: Computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the purpose of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into four categories of computers: Microcomputer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 2. MICROCOMPUTER A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. Microcomputer or personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. Businesses use microcomputers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spread sheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for microcomputers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet. The characteristics of a microcomputer are Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users. Bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers take up large cabinets or even dedicated rooms. Actual microcomputer can be generally classified by size and chassis / case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There are two basic flavours of chassis designs-desktop models and tower models-but there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come the portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held computers, palmtops, and PDAs. Tower model The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. Desktop model A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slim line models. Notebook computer Notebook is extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours. Laptop computer A small, portable computer small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers. Subnotebook computer A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers. Hand-held computer A portable computer that is small enough to be held in ones hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers. Palmtop Palmtop is small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs. Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held computers and pocket computers. PDA PDA is short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common gadgets. PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers. 3. MINICOMPUTER Another type of computer is Micro Computer which is design to support more than one user at a time but it can be used by one person at a time. It is a computer of a size intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe computer and includes a microprocessor, memory, input and output facility and it comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM. Typically, mini computers have been stand-alone computers sold to small and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large enterprises for department-level operations. . Mini computers were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They have great storage capacity and work at a high speed rate. It is often use in place where several people have to work at the same time, so it let many users use data at the same time without any inconvenient. Mini computers are not only used in organization for work but many of mini computers are also used as personal computer. It has a large cheap array of silicon logic gate which allows utility programs and self-booting kernel to be stored within microcomputers. These stored programs let the minicomputer to automatically load further more complex software from external storage device without the user intervention. The Minicomputers were first built in in 1960s and they immediately became a huge success as 40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately sold of making the computers hugely available to the general public. With such a successful market possibility many companies stepped in to venture in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred companies was DEC that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and VAX 11/780. Some significant characteristics and historical facts about the mini computer system have been summarized as follows: They are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As such they do not occupy an entire room but usually occupy space similar in size to that of a standard refrigerator. They are much less expensive than the mainframes. Their invention was possible because of the invention of core memory technologies and transistors. Minicomputers can give parallel access to up to 100 users. Hence they were used in places such as business organizations for maintaining billings and finances. Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems were Hewlett Packard, DEC and Data General. A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the years are: DEC VAX series and PDP series Hewlett Packard HP3000 series SDS,SDS-92 Prime Computers, Prime 50 Series Norsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100 IBM Midrange Computers Control Data Corporations CDC 160A, CDC-1700 Data General Nova Honeywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 series Minicomputers have eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the launch of microcomputers, the public have Had a greater access to the advantage of incorporating computers in the daily stride of their lives. 4. MAINFRAME COMPUTER In another hand we have the Mainframe Computer which is quite expensive than the Mini computer. In comparison the mainframe computer perform better than the mini computer, it can process data at a very high speed rate, for example, millions of instruction per second and Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster. They contain a large number of self-maintenance features, including built-in security features and high data handling capacity. Because of mainframes ability to handle high level data transactions they are used by the biggest firms in almost all the industry such as banks, government agencies and organizations which need to store great volume of complex and important data at a high security level, which means that this is the most secure than other type of computer. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output and emphasize throughput computing. This type of computer can work for long period without being interrupted, they are reliable. It can run multiple different instance of different operating system and can handle the work of many users at the same time. The term RAS (reliability, availability and serviceability) is a defining characteristic of the mainframe computer. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. They are usually protected by multiple levels of security and power backup, both internal and external. Among the self-protection measures commonly found in mainframes are an enhanced heat-protection mechanism. Because these computers run all day along with 24x7x365 ability, a large amount of heat generated must be expelled. The fans in mainframe computers are among the most efficient helping in keeping the data centers cool. Features They are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations etc. They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations. Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them. They are having huge memories tremendous processing speed. They are used for weather forecasting, animation graphics Mainframes run multiple sessions, and with high reliability. Companies can run their IT operations for years without problems or interruptions with minimum down time. Administration is very easy due to the fact that all applications layers are monitored in one Server. A central computer alone can replace dozens or hundreds of smaller PCs, reducing management and administrative costs while providing a much better scalability and reliability. Mainframes can run more than one operating system at once, which allows companies to run multiple sessions with a super-fast speed, high reliability, and high secure. 5. SUPERCOMPUTER Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems. Here are some examples of supercomputer: IBM Roadrunner Cray Jaguar Tianhe-IA Fujitsu K computer IBM Sequoia Cray Titan Advantages of supercomputer The primary advantage that supercomputers offer is decreased processing time. Computer speed is commonly measured in floating point operations, or FLOPS. Average home computers can perform up to a hundred billion of these operations per second, or 100 gigaflops. Supercomputers, however, are tens of thousands of times faster, meaning that calculations that would take your home computer hours or days can be solved by a supercomputer in a matter of seconds. Supercomputers are usually used to tackle large, real-world problems that would be too time consuming on regular computers. For example, weather forecasters use supercomputers to create models of the weather and to forecast the weather. Obviously, forecasts have to be made in a timely manner to make them useful so the more powerful the computer the better. Only supercomputers have the ability to perform these calculations in a timely fashion. One of the sayings of computing is that the higher the technology, the more trivial the application and the most powerful computers in the world are used by digital effects/computer animation companies. The sheer processing power of supercomputers means that they can be used to do things that ordinary computers simply couldnt handle. Supercomputers have also permitted great strides in filmmaking and special effects. Disadvantages of supercomputer There have no great difference between mainframe computers because like the mainframe it takes up a large space and cost very high. It requires trained staff to can handle and use the supercomputer and it may only be good for specific application. It is high power consumption, it use a lot of electricity, for instance, about millions Rupees in a year. Other disadvantage is that supercomputers require massive external storage drives whose bandwidth is fast enough to accommodate the data being analyzed and produced. If storage and bandwidth cant keep up with the data flow, the supercomputer will not be able to work at its full capacity. Unlike ordinary desktop computers that may finish calculating a problem in a few minutes or overnight, supercomputers work on tasks that require intensive calculations which can take extremely long periods to complete. For example, a supercomputer could spend months performing calculations to support research on climate change or to help cure a disease, presenting a disadvantage to people who are in a hurry for quick results. 6. CONCLUSION After all we can say that computer has made his way since 19xx. It has begun with the microcomputer which consisted of simple technology. Then we have the minicomputer which becomes more and more personal and sophisticated for users. It makes great progress when the mainframe computer comes in 19xx (put the date). It comes with more performance and more memory with high security level. Their process increased more than 100 times and finally when the famous supercomputer comes which is 1000 times more powerful than the predecessor. And nowadays with the great evolution we have four type of computer.

Agile Strategiesf

Every company's objective is to make profits. In order to achieve this fundamental goal, production has to be efficient. This will enable companies to incur minimum and manageable losses. For them to achieve this, seemingly, companies need to review their production strategies. Over years, agile production mechanisms have been proposed to be the most efficient.According to Dimancescu (1997), Lean manufacturing refers to a method of producing more valuable products with fewer resources. He further asserts that there are two approaches to this concept. The first refers to a set of tools that assist in identifying and continuously removing wastes from a manufacturing process. Steady waste removal makes the quality of the end product better.Meanwhile, the time used in producing goods as well as the cost is lowered. The second approach focuses on making work flow smooth and hence eliminating inconsistency throughout the system.The process of lean manufacturing was initiated by Henry Ford, who also initiated the complete process of production (Warmack, Jones & Roos, 1990). In 1913, he put together interchangeable segments that had standard work and conveyance in motion. He referred to this as flow production.He then put in to a line order fabrication steps in process sequence wherever it deemed possible. He used specific machinery and gauges to bring together the different vehicle parts to meet the needs of the customer.Warmack et al. (1990) agrees that this was a major step especially because the American market had machines meant for general purpose and were grouped according to the process. In addition, they were more tiresome and generated great volumes of waste before a product could finally reach the market.However, James and Daniel (2003) affirm that Ford's work lacked variety. This was his major challenge. According to James and Daniel (2003), his Model T was not only limited to one color, but also to one stipulation. This meant that all his models were simil ar.When the world demanded for different variations of automated machines in the market, other auto manufactures stepped in with different ideas. With time, the market was filled with more convenient designs that were larger and operated faster. With each step, the costs and wastes from the same were reduced.In the early 1930's, Mondem (1988) explains that the Toyota company, not being satisfied with what the market was offering revisited the earlier principles applied by Ford and invented the Toyota Production System (TPS).Basically, this system changed the focus of engineers in the manufacturing sector from specific machines and their use to product flow through the manufacturing process.Toyota concluded that that by sizing the machines for the required volume, introducing machines that had the capacity to perform self monitoring for purposes of quality, putting the machines in sequence ass the process stipulates, initiating faster set ups so that each machine could create small a mounts of various part numbers and having each step  Ã‚   that is set up notifying the previous step of its current material requirements, would lead to obtaining cheaper, wide variety, best quality and faster machines to meet the dynamic customer requirements.In addition, it found out that management of past information is mandatory to achieve this as past records could be simpler and accurate (Fujimoto, 1999).Today, the basics of lean manufacturing are taking root and spreading so fast. Every company in the near future will be pressurized to reduce wastes and increase production in order to realize profits and be able to compete favorably. Besides, the world now is changing to green production and companies do not have an option.Leaders are also beginning to appreciate the importance of lean production, especially in these hard economic times. It is obvious that every leader would desire his company to be economically efficient by lowering costs and enhancing the quality of prod uction.The service industry is also coming on board with all the leaders realizing the importance of incorporating lean principles in its delivery. For example, in the education sector, parents are overwhelmingly going for learning institutions that give the best quality education.Likewise, the health sector is adopting the same principles. Most companies prefer low cost labor (Fine, 1998). Elimination of wastes if adopted by such companies will be instrumental in assisting them avoid the impacts of solely depending on low cost labor. The answer for this lies in the fundamentals of lean production.With an increase in the demand and delivery manufactured products, it will be mandatory to adopt lean principles in their supply. Besides, Kanigal (1997) argues that the assimilation of lean principles in people's lifestyles will enable them to be creative, conquer the obstacles and look forward to new and advanced production methods in all sectors. The future of lean manufacturing is henc e promising as most companies are now adopting the trend.Nakajima (1988) defines mass production as a way of producing standardized goods in large amounts and at a low cost per unit. Lean production contrasts to mass production in so many ways. Mass production focuses on specialized and expensive machines that produce goods in huge quantities.Its employment of many people to keep the costly machines occupied justifies their high cost of the final products. Lean production on the other hand gives manufacturers a chance to produce fewer products with minimal defects and that address the requirements of the customer (James and Daniel, 2003).For instance, in the production of cars, mass produced cars would be many and virtually identical while lean produced cars would be fewer and to the needs of the customer. They would not then be similar.Products from lean production reach the market earlier than mass produced products. It is because the products are less than those produced through mass. As a result, lean produced products are sold off faster than the mass produced products.This is not only because of the quantities produced, but also because lean produced goods are customized. Individual needs of customers differ and lean production pays special attention to this.For example, a car produced through lean production would have every detail a customer really expects unlike to that from mass production where the specific needs of customers are not considered. In the case of catering, mass produced meals contain the same type of ingredients while lean produced varied depending on the needs of the customer.With regard to leadership, Warmack et al (1990) argues that in mass production, the command strategy is commonly used while in lean production; leadership is mainly participative and consultative.For a company to satisfy the demands of their customer, different specialists are employed and consultation and full participation is mandatory in order to get the views of every individual, which have equal chances of being necessary. With mass production, commanding is employed more often as skills are also limited. In addition, running a certain machine would involve just pressing certain buttons, and then the job rolls on.External relations in lean production are long-term as opposed to mass production where the relations are largely based on the price of the product. It is because in the lean production, manufacturers follow up the needs of the customers and in the process, long term relations develop (Warmack et al, 1990).For example, in the textile industry, lean production ensures that the customer chooses the design and in the case of any alteration, the customer's views are taken in to consideration. Then, long term relations develop as the customer will be consulted on several occasions before the production process ends.According to James and Daniel (2003), the organizational make up in mass production is usually hierarchical and highly encourages taking orders and discourages flow of vital information. Those in senior positions usually give orders and challenging them is not tolerated. Juniors are expected to obediently take orders.This practice is prevalent in large mass manufacturing companies where supervisors have the duty to give orders and not to be challenged in any way. In the lean production, flat structures are employed hence the flow and information sharing is highly encouraged.The views of all the stakeholders rather than shareholders are given equal consideration. Information sharing is key in designing perfect products and avoiding obstacles that the team might encounter as they progress.Customer satisfaction in lean production is assured than in mass production because in the former, goods produced have lesser defects as their design is customized. In the latter, customer satisfaction is lower as their views are not considered during production (Warmack, et al, 1990). Any product designed to addres s the specific requirements of the customer will always be more satisfying than those produced to meet the needs of the market.With regard to engineering, James and Daniel (2003) argue that mass production usually employs the genius models with minimal customer input and respect for the goods provided. Machines are fixed and expected to perform accordingly.Specialists are employed and more often, customers are perceived to be poorly informed about the product. Lean manufacturing on the other hand is team based with maximum in put from the customer. All the complaints, praises and recommendations from customers are vital in lean manufactured products.Manufacturing schedules in the mass production are specific, adhered to and very difficult to adjust. Orders from the authorities are strictly followed without fail. This is unlike in the lean manufacturing where schedules are very flexible and can be adjusted accordingly depending on the demands of customers.For example, if a customer d emands that the product ordered be ready within a specified period of time, this will be strictly followed and other orders would be put on hold (Warmck et al, 1990).Quality assurance in mass production is done through sampling. At certain intervals during as production progresses, products are picked and assessed to determine if they conform to the expected standards. However, in lean production, quality is guaranteed from the source and the product being let out to the market usually has very few or no defects.The products are usually thoroughly checked to ensure they meet the customer's demands (James and Daniel, 2003).

Employee benefits are one of the most important factors

Employee benefits are one of the most important factors in the retention of registered nurses where the threat of turnover is very high. Often, RN’s leaves a hospital for another because it offers better compensation and attractive benefits. Kennedy Hospital has offers an attractive benefits package but many other hospitals may offer much more. To determine how Kennedy compares to its competition an analysis of the components in its benefits package is presented. The benefits package compared are those of Kennedy, Virtua, Lourdes and Genesis. In terms of health insurance, all hospitals offered multiple plans to choose from but it is Kennedy alone that includes prescription coverage, while Genesis and Kennedy has covers vision and all of them has dental insurance. For life insurance benefits, Kennedy, Virtua, Lourdes and Genesis all offers basic life, supplemental life and short term disability, however Kennedy does not have long term disability insurance while the other three hospitals have provisions for it. Kennedy and Lourdes however provides child and spouse life insurance. Kennedy’s paid leave benefits is the most comprehensive compared to the other hospitals, it covers personal, extended sick leave, bereavement, family/medical and military leave as well as paid time off for vacations, Virtua also provided the same paid leaves while Lourdes and Genesis had less. Kennedy does not have 401k plans, provisions for elder care, on-site child care, free basic health care, quarter century club, relocation assistance and series/savings bond. Virtua and Lourdes, has on-site child care and only Virtua offers free basic health care while Virtua and Genesis has 401k. On the other hand, Kennedy has 403b plans, has a credit union, and invests on internal career development, adequate parking and referral bonuses, as well as sign on bonus, transfer opportunities, a wellness program and workers compensation. In sum, Kennedy has a very attractive benefits program, what it does not offer can be compensated by the other benefits that they provide, for example they do not have free basic health care, but their health insurance coverage is from vision, dental and medicines. Virtua’s benefits package is comparable to Kennedy while Lourdes and Genesis have fewer benefits.

How to Write a Powerful Memoir in 4 Simple Steps

How to Write a Powerful Memoir in 4 Simple Steps How to Write Your Memoir: A 4-Step Guide Memoir is not just a fancy literary term for an autobiography. I say that from the start, because I hear the terms used interchangeably so often. Your memoir will be autobiographical, but it will notbe your life story. Confused yet? Stay with me. Simply put, an autobiography is likely to cover one’s birth to the present - emphasis often on accomplishments, but the more honest and revelatory the better. A memoir draws on selected anecdotes from your life to support a theme and make a point. For instance, if your point is how you came from some unlikely place to where you are now, you would choose scenes from your life to support that. Maybe you came from: The wrong side of the tracks A broken home Having been a victim of abuse Addiction An orphanage To a position of: Wealth Status Happiness Health Faith You might start with memories that show how bad things once were for you. Then you would show pivotal experiences in your life, important people in your transformation, what you learned, and how you applied certain principles to see this vast change. Naturally, the better the stories, the better the memoir. However, great stories are not the point - and frankly, neither is the memoirist (you). What Publishers Look For Don’t buy into the idea that only famous people can sell a memoir. Sure, if you’re a household name and people are curious about you, that’s an advantage. But memoirs by nobodies succeed all the time - and for one reason: they resonate with readers because readers identify with truth. Truth, even hard, gritty, painful truth, bears transferrable principles. Memoirs full of such relatable candor attract readers, and readers are what publishers want. An astute agent or acquisitions editor can predict how relatable a memoir will be and take a chance on one from an unpublished unknown. Agents and editors tell me they love to discover such gems - the same way they love discovering the next great novelist. So, when writing your memoir†¦ You may be the subject, but it’s not about you - it’s about what readers can gain from your story. It may seem counterintuitive to think reader-first while writing in the first-person about yourself. But if your memoir doesn’t enrich, entertain, or enlighten readers, they won’t stay with it long, and they certainly won’t recommend it. Want to save this guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. How to Write a Memoir in 4 Steps Know Your Theme Carefully Select Your Anecdotes Write It Like a Novel Tell Your Story (Without Throwing People Under the Bus) Step 1. Know Your Theme And remember, it’s not that you’ve made something of yourself - even if you have. Sorry, but nobody cares except those who already love you. Your understated theme must be, â€Å"You’re not alone. What happened to me can also happen to you.† That’s what appeals to readers. Even if they do come away from your memoir impressed with you, it won’t be because you’re so special - even if you are. Whether they admit it or not, readers care most about their own lives. Imagine a reader picking up your memoir and thinking, What’s in this for me? The more of that you offer, the more successful your book will be. Think transferable principles in a story well told. Cosmic Commonalities All people, regardless of age, ethnicity, location, and social status, share certain felt needs: food, shelter, and love. They fear abandonment, loneliness, and the loss of loved ones. Regardless your theme, if it touches on any of those wants and fears, readers will identify. I can read the memoir of someone of my opposite gender, for whom English is not her first language, of a different race and religion, who lives halfway around the world from me - and if she tells the story of her love for her child or grandchild, it reaches my core. Knowing or understanding or relating to nothing else about her, I understand love of family. Worried About Uniqueness? Many writers tell me they fear their theme has been covered many times by many other memoirists. While it’s true, as the Bible says, that there’s nothing new under the sun, no one has written your story, your memoir, your way. While I still say it’s not about you but really about your reader, it’s you who lends uniqueness to your theme. Write on! How toWrite a Memoir Without Preaching Trust your narrative to do the work of conveying your message. Too many amateurish memoirists feel the need to eventually turn the spotlight on the reader with a sort of â€Å"So, how about you†¦?† Let your experiences and how they impacted you make their own points, and trust the reader to get it. Beat him over the head with your theme and you run him off. You can avoid being preachy by using what I call the Come Alongside Method. When you show what happened to you, if the principles apply to your reader he doesn’t need that pointed out. Give him credit. Step 2. Carefully Select Your Anecdotes The best memoirs let readers see themselves in your story so they can identify with your experiences and apply to their own lives the lessons you’ve learned. If you’re afraid to mine your pain deeply enough tell the whole truth, you may not be ready to write your memoir. There’s little less helpful - or marketable - than a memoir that glosses over the truth. So feature anecdotes from your life that support your theme, regardless how painful it is to resurrect the memories. The more introspective and vulnerable you are, the more effective will be your memoir. Step 3. Write It Like a Novel It’s as important in a memoir as it is in a novel to show and not just tell. Example: Telling My father was a drunk who abused my mother and me. I was scared to death every time I heard him come in late at night. Showing As soon as I heard the gravel crunch beneath the tires and the car door open and shut, I dove under my bed. I could tell by his footsteps whether Dad was sober and tired or loaded and looking for a fight. I prayed God would magically make me big enough to jump between him and my mom, because she was always his first target†¦ Use every trick in the novelist’s arsenal to make each anecdote come to life: dialogue, description, conflict, tension, pacing, everything. Worry less about chronology than theme. You’re not married to the autobiographer’s progressive timeline. Tell whatever anecdote fits your point for each chapter, regardless where they fall on the calendar. Just make the details clear so the reader knows where you are in the story. You might begin with the most significant memory of your life, even from childhood. Then you can segue into something like, Only now do I understand what was really happening. Your current-day voice can always drop in to tie things together. Character Arc As in a novel, how the protagonist (in this case, you) grows is critical to a successful story. Your memoir should make clear the difference between who you are today and who you once were. What you learn along the way becomes your character arc. Point of View It should go without saying that you write a memoir in the first-person. And just as in a novel, the point-of-view character is the one with the problem, the challenge, something he’s after. Tell both your outer (what happens) and your inner (its impact on you) story. Structure In his classic How to Write Bestselling Fiction, novelist Dean Koontz outlines what he calls the Classic Story Structure. Though intended as a framework for a novel, it strikes me that this would be perfect for a memoir too - provided you don’t change true events just to make it work. For fiction, Koontz recommends writers: 1 - Plunge your main character into terrible trouble as soon as possible 2 - Everything he does to try to get out of it makes it only progressively worse until†¦ 3 - His situation appears hopeless 4 - But in the end, because of what he’s learned and how he’s grown through all those setbacks, he rises to the challenge and wins the day. You might be able to structure your memoir the same way merely by how you choose to tell the story. As I say, don’t force things, but the closer you can get to that structure, the more engaging your memoir will be. For your purposes, Koontz’s Terrible Trouble would be the nadir of your life. (If nadir is a new word for you, it’s the opposite of zenith.) Take the reader with you to your lowest point, and show what you did to try to remedy things. If your experience happens to fit the rest of the structure, so much the better. Setups and Payoffs Great novels carry a book-length setup that demands a payoff in the end, plus chapter-length setups and payoffs, and sometimes even the same within scenes. The more of these the better. The same is true for your memoir. Virtually anything that makes the reader stay with you to find out what happens is a setup that demands a payoff. Even something as seemingly innocuous as your saying that you hoped high school would deliver you from the torment of junior high makes the reader want to find out if that proved true. Make ‘em Wait Avoid using narrative summary to give away too much information too early. I’ve seen memoir manuscripts where the author tells in the first paragraph how they went from abject poverty to independent wealth in 20 years, â€Å"and I want to tell you how that happened.† To me, that just took the air out of the tension balloon, and many readers would agree and see no reason to read on. Better to set them up for a payoff and let them wait. Not so long that you lose them to frustration, but long enough to build tension. Step 4. Tell Your Story (Without Throwing People Under the Bus) If you’re brave enough to expose your own weaknesses, foibles, embarrassments, and yes, failures to the world, what about those of your friends, enemies, loved ones, teachers, bosses, and co-workers? If you tell the truth, are you allowed to throw them under the bus? In some cases, yes. But should you? No. Even if they gave you permission in writing, what’s the upside? Usually a person painted in a negative light- even if the story is true- would not sign a release allowing you to expose them publicly. But even if they did, would it be the right, ethical, kind thing to do? All I can tell you is that I wouldn’t do it. And I wouldn’t want it done to me. If the Golden Rule alone isn’t reason enough not to do it, the risk of being sued certainly ought to be. So, What to Do? On the one hand I’m telling you your memoir is worthless without the grit, and on the other I’m telling you not to expose the evildoers. Stalemate? No. Here’s the solution: Changing names to protect the guilty is not enough. Too many people in your family and social orbit will know the person, making your writing legally actionable. So change more than the name. Change the location. Change the year. Change their gender. You could even change the offense. If your own father verbally abused you so painfully when you were thirteen that you still suffer from the memory decades later, attribute it to a teacher and have it happen at an entirely different age. Is that lying in a nonfiction book? Not if you include a disclaimer upfront that stipulates: â€Å"Some names and details have been changed to protect identities.† So, no, don’t throw anyone under the bus. But don’t stop that bus! Common Memoir Mistakes to Avoid Making it too much like an autobiography (missing a theme) Including minutiae Bragging Glossing over the truth Preaching Effecting the wrong tone: funny, sarcastic, condescending How to Start Your Memoir Your goal is to hook your reader, so begin in medias res- in the middle of things. If you start slowly, you lose readers interest. Jump right into the story! Memoir Examples Thoroughly immerse yourself this genre before attempting to write in it. I read nearly 50 memoirs before I wrote mine (Writing for the Soul). Here’s a list to get you started: All Over But the Shoutin’by Rick Bragg (my favorite book ever) Cultivate by Lara Casey A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway Out of Africa by Karen Blixen Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt Still Woman Enough by Loretta Lynn Born Standing Up by Steve Martin The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Molinaby Benjie Molina and Joan Ryan Want to save this guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. Are you working on your memoir or planning to? Do you have any questions on how to write a memoir? Share with me in the comments below.